155. SAVILLE, T., Jr., and WATTS, G.M., Untitled report to SII-S4 (Coastal 

 Regime--Carriage of Material by Swell and Currents. Model Studies 

 and InrSitu Observations. Influence of Port Structures. Coastal 

 Defense Works. Breakwaters), XXJId International Navigation 

 Congress^ Paris, 1969, pp. 249-271. 



Keywords: Accretion, California (Channel Islands), Detached breakwater, 

 Downdrift beaches. Littoral transport. Sand trap 



This paper discusses recent laboratory and field studies in the 

 United States which are considered pertinent to development of a better 

 understanding of the interaction of the beach and the littoral zones with 

 and without manmade structures. 



156. SAXENA, P.C, VAIDYARAMAN, P.P., and SRINIVASAN, R., "Design and 

 Behavior of Sandtraps in Regions of High Littoral Drift," Proceed- 

 ings of the 15th Conference on Coastal Engineering, American Society 

 of Civil Engineers, Vol. 2, 1976, pp. 1377-1393. 



Keywords: Accretion, Detached breakwater. Hydraulic model (three- 

 dimensional), India (Visakhapatnam) , Littoral transport. 

 Movable bed. Sand trap 



The use of sand traps to contain littoral transport at several 

 Indian ports is illustrated. The port of Visakhapatnam is served by a 

 sunken ship detached breakwater which has acted as a sand trap. Expan- 

 sion of the port facilities has required model testing and construction 

 of a new detached breakwater and sand trap seaward of the original one. 



157. SHINOHARA, K. , and TSUBAKI , T., "Model Study on the Change of 

 Shoreline of Sandy Beach by the Offshore Breakwater," Proceedings 

 of the 10th Conference on Coastal Engineering , American Society of 

 Civil Engineers, Vol. 1, 1966, pp. 550-563. 



Keywords: Accretion, Detached breakwater, Hydraulic model (three- 

 dimensional). Littoral transport. Movable bed. Structural 

 dimensions, Tombolo, Wave diffraction 



This paper presents the results of an experiment to clarify shore- 

 line changes caused by the construction of offshore breakwaters, the 

 amount of sand deposits within the region sheltered by the breakwater, 

 and sand movements on the beach as it deforms to an equilibrium profile. 

 Initial profiles were made by the waves of steepness, 6^ = 0.0192 and 

 6^ = 0.0461, and then new equilibrium profiles were formed with waves of 

 the same steepness with an offshore breakwater present, 



158. SHIRAISHI, N., NUMATA, A., and HASE , N., "The Effect and Damage of 

 Submerged Breakwater in Niigata Coast," Coastal Engineering in Japan, 

 Vol. 3, 1960, pp. 89-99 (also appeared in Proceedings of the Fifth 

 Conference on Coastal Engineering in Japan, Japan Society of Civil 

 Engineers, 1958, pp. 189-195) (in Japanese). 



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