inner slope, protected by a gabionade, has also proved to be stable, 

 The concrete cap on top of the breakwater has not shown any signs of 

 subsidence during the past 4 years. Moreover, considerable quantities 

 of valuable sand are being extracted from the central area each year, 



45. FRIED, I., "Protection by Means of Offshore Breakwaters," Proaeed- 

 ings of the 25th Conference on Coastal Engineering ^ American Society 

 of Civil Engineers, Vol. II, 1976, pp. 1407-1424, 



Keywords: Compartmented breakwater, Hydraulic model (three-dimensional), 

 Israel (Tel Baruch-Tel-Aviv) , Littoral transport. Movable 

 bed. Recreation, Segmented breakwater. Structural dimensions, 

 Tombolo 



Many factors are involved in the reproduction of natural sedimento- 

 logical processes in a wave basin with a movable bed, and a misinterpre- 

 tation of some of them may lead to erroneous conclusions. The exact 

 definition of the sedimentological time-scale is less important than the 

 reproduction of the seabed configuration or representation of sand grain 

 particles and wave spectra. 



Little is known about the exact full-scale sedimentation processes 

 in the prototype. However, it is assumed that the formation of tombolos 

 in the lee of offshore breakwaters results mainly from the interception 

 of littoral drift. Some of the sand enters directly into the shadow zone 

 behind the breakwater; other sand particles bypass the breakwater on the 

 seaward side and are then directed by diffraction into the shadow zone. 

 The accelerated sedimentological process in the model reproduces the nat- 

 ural development of tombolo formation in the prototype, which, in order 

 to reach a state of equilibrium, requires a considerable period of time. 



46. GELINEAU, V., "Evolution in Design and Construction of Coast Pro- 

 tection Works in the United States," Shore and Beach, Vol, 3, No. 2, 

 Apr. 1935, pp. 53-58. 



Keywords: Accretion, Downdrift beaches. Littoral transport. New Jersey 

 (Asbury Park), Shipwrecks, Tombolo 



Report describes the grounding of the ship, Morro Castle at Asbury 

 Park, New Jersey, in 1934. Because of its final position parallel to 

 shore, it acted as a detached breakwater and resulted in the rapid growth 

 of a tombolo, 



47. CODA, Y., YOSHIMURA, T., and ITO, M., "Reflection and Diffraction of 

 Water Waves by an Insular Breakwater," Report of the Port and Harbor 

 Research Institute^ Yokosuka, Japan, Vol. 10, No, 2, 1971, pp. 4-51 



(in Japanese) . 



Keywords: Detached breakwater. Hydraulic model (three-dimensional) 

 Wave diffraction, Wave reflection 



