31. CORNEJO VELAZCO, J., and CADENA CALZADA, J,, "Contribucion al Estudio 

 de Formacion de Tombolos," Proceedings of the fovrth Congreso Naaion- 

 al de Hidpaulica, Mexico, 1976 (in Spanish- -translation available in 

 CERC library) . 



Keywords: Accretion, Detached breakwater. Hydraulic model (three- 

 dimensional). Littoral transport. Movable bed, Tombolo 



The use of a tombolo in controlling littoral transport on a beach 

 has many advantages; however, there must be a clear understanding of the 

 mechanisms of its formation. Using physical model experiments, the param- 

 eters involved in the formation of a tombolo were considered and a number 

 of practical laws governing the development of tombolos were established. 



32. COX, D.C., GERRITSEN, F., and LEE, T.T., "Proposed Improvement of 

 Kaimu Beach, Hawaii," Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Coastal 

 Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. II, 1976, pp. 

 1552-1571. 



Keywords: Aesthetics, Beach fill, Environmental concerns, Hawaii (Kaimu 

 Beach), Recreation, Submerged breakwater 



This paper discusses the proposed plans to improve Kaimu Beach, 

 Hawaii, The beach, which is famous for its jet black color, has been 

 receding for at least a century. The plans called for an enlargement of 

 the beach and protection by an offshore breakwater. Although the advan- 

 tages of a larger beach area and the improvement of swimming conditions 

 are acknowledged, a serious question is raised as to whether the project 

 would result in an overall improvement. 



33. CURREN, C.R., and CHATHAM, C.E., Jr., "Imperial Beach, California - 

 Design of Structures for Beach Erosion Control," Technical Report 

 H-77-15, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, 

 Miss . , Aug. 1977 . 



Keywords: California (Imperial Beach), Compartmented breakwater, Contin- 

 uous breakwater. Currents, Hydraulic model (three-dimensional). 

 Littoral transport. Segmented breakwater, Structural dimen- 

 sions. Submerged breakwater 



A l:75-scale (undistorted) hydraulic model, reproducing approximately 

 2.6 miles of shoreline and sufficient offshore area to permit generation 

 of the required test waves, was used to investigate the arrangement and 

 design of alternative proposed structures to prevent erosion of the Imper- 

 ial Beach shoreline. The proposed structures consisted of (a) continuous 

 breakwaters at the -15- and -10-foot contours, (b) segmented breakwaters 

 at the -15- and -5-foot contours, (c) stepped breakwaters at the -10- and 

 -5-foot contours, (d) a system of five groins, and (e) a system of nine 

 groins. A 115-foot-long wave generator, crushed coal tracer material, 

 and an automated data acquisition and control system (ADACS) were used 

 during model operation. Test results are given. 



