An analysis of the beach development around the Singapore headland 

 breakwaters is presented. Among the processes studied are: sediment- 

 size changes, size and sorting relationships, beach profile changes, bay 

 shape changes, sand movement by sand tracer studies, alongshore variation 

 of maximum beach heights, offshore topographic changes, and the stages of 

 beach development. 



28. CHEW. S.Y., WONG, P.P., and CHIN, K.K., "Beach Development Between 

 Headland Breakwaters," Pvoaeedings of the 14th Conferenee on Coastal 

 Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. II, 1974, pp. 

 1399-1418. 



Keywords: Artificial headlands, Beach fill. Construction procedures, 



Crenulate-shaped bay. Currents, Gabions, Rubble mound. Sedi- 

 ment sizes, Singapore, Structural dimensions 



Breakwaters in a series are used to protect newly reclaimed land 

 along the southeast coast of Singapore, acting as headlands for the for- 

 mation of sand beaches. The development of these beaches occurs under 

 conditions of low-energy waves, a predominant wave direction from the 

 southeast, and an east -west littoral drift. The characteristics and 

 development of three beaches over a 1-year period are presented. Surveys 

 of the reclaimed land show various beach types between the headland break- 

 waters. A relationship exists between berm orientation and the headland 

 breakwater orientation. Beach stability is tentatively indicated by the 

 formation of a wide berm. 



29. CIVIL AND MARINE ENGINEERING COMPANY, LTD., Company Brochure, Con- 

 sulting Engineers, Haifa, Israel, undated (circa 1976). 



Keywords: Beach fill, Cyprus (Kiti Beach and Larnaca) , Detached break- 

 water, Israel (Caesarea, Carmel Beach, Manshiah-Tel-Aviv, 

 Nahariya, and Netanya) , Segmented breakwater, Tombolo 



A company brochure outlining the capabilities and past achievements 

 of the Civil and Marine Engineering Company. Photos and brief descrip- 

 tions of detached breakwater projects at Tel -Aviv Jaffa, Nahariya, Carmel 

 Beach (Haifa), and Netanya are presented. 



30. CORINTO PORT AUTHORITY, REPUBLIC OF NICARAGUA, "Design of Coastal 

 Protection at Paso de Caballos, Corinto Island, Nicaragua, Using 

 Bolsacreto ®," Control de Erosion, S.A., Oct. 1972. 



Keywords: Bolsacreto ® concrete bag. Detached breakwater. Grout -filled 

 bags. Hydraulic model (two-dimensional), Nicaragua (Paso de 

 Caballos) 



The report presents a solution to the shore erosion problem at Paso 

 de Caballos by using Bolsacreto ® elements to form a detached breakwater. 

 The weight of the elements was determined from standard design methods, 

 and a series of two-dimensional laboratory tests was conducted to verify 

 the stability of the structure. 



