bolos resulting from the construction of an offshore breakwater are ex- 

 perimentally analyzed in terms of the influence of the breakwater length, 

 water depth at the structure, and the deepwater wave steepness. These, 

 basic experimental results are used to estimate formation of shorelines 

 at the Miyazu coast, Kyoto Prefecture, where an offshore breakwater is 

 planned. 



3. ANONYMOUS, "A Round-Table Discussion of Shore and Beach Protection," 

 Shore and Beaah, Vol. 2, No. 4, Oct. 1934, pp. 139-140. 



Keywords: Accretion, Detached breakwater. New Jersey (Sandy Hook), 

 Shipwrecks, Tombolo 



Two instances of detached breakwaters formed from shipwrecks are 

 recounted. In 1876, a 600-foot-long French liner grounded in about 28 

 feet of water at Low Moot and formed a tombolo out to the hull before 

 it was removed. The Kate Harding, which grounded near Sandy Hook, New 

 Jersey, around 1894, also formed a tombolo. 



4. ANONYMOUS, "The Burning of the Minnie A. Caine," Shore and Beaoh, 

 Vol. 8, No. 3, July 1940, pp. 93, 71. 



Keywords: Accretion, California (Santa Monica), Detached breakwater, 

 Downdrift beaches. Littoral transport, Shipwrecks, Tombolo 



The grounding of the Minnie A. Caine, an 880-ton, four-masted 

 schooner, on the Malibu coast on 24 September 1939, is discussed. The 

 hull acted as a detached breakwater and formed a tombolo. Because 

 erosion occurred on the downdrift beaches, the wooden hull was burned 

 on 22 December 1939, thereby reestablishing natural conditions. 



5. AVERIN, V.Z., and SIDORCHUK, V.N., "The Effect of Permeability of 

 Breakwaters on the Suppression of Waves," Wave Mechanics and Circu- 

 lating Flow, Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian SSR, No. 2, 1967, 



pp. 49-52. 



Keywords: Composite structures. Concrete structures, Detached break- 

 water. Hydraulic model (two-dimensional). Rubble mound. Wave 

 attenuation. Wave transmission 



A series of model tests identified the wave dissipation character- 

 istics of various types of permeable and impermeable breakwaters, The 

 impermeable breakwaters had 2 on 1 slopes on the seaward side and either 

 a 2 on 1 slope or a vertical wall on the landward side; the permeable 

 breakwaters had 2 on 1 rubble slopes. A curve was developed which shows 

 the transmitted wave heights for both types of structures as a function 

 of the incident wave conditions. 



6. BEACH EROSION BOARD, "Beach Erosion Control Study, Winthrop Beach, 

 Massachussetts," H. Doc. 764, 80th Cong., U.S. Army, Corps of Engi- 

 neers, Washington, D.C., Sept. 1947. 



