AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 

 ON DETACHED BREAKWATERS AND ARTIFICIAL HEADLANDS 



by 

 John R. Lesnik 



I. INTRODUCTION 



In recent years there has been a growing awareness of the potential 

 use o£ detached breakwaters for shore stabilization. However, lack of 

 design experience with these structures has hindered their widespread 

 application in beach erosion projects. Engineers are often uncertain 

 about how to approach the design problem because of the many unknowns 

 involved. In addition, there are few existing structures that can be 

 studied to provide prototype data. 



This annotated bibliography is presented to assist in the develop- 

 ment of reliable design procedures for detached breakwaters. The refer- 

 ences deal with topics which can be usefully applied to the design problem 

 although many are not limited solely to the subject of detached break- 

 waters. For instance, the wave dissipation characteristics of submerged 

 breakwaters are discussed in several papers. An understanding of these 

 characteristics would be necessary for the design of some detached break- 

 waters. Papers on wave diffraction, reflection, transmission, and over- 

 topping are also included. The bibliography is not comprehensive in 

 these areas but an attempt has been made to identify some significant 

 works with potential applications. 



Several papers describe the use of detached breakwaters as sand traps 

 for navigation projects. Although this use does not fall within the 

 realm of shore protection, these structures do affect the coastal pro- 

 cesses in the same way as shore protection breakwaters. 



In compiling this" bibliography a decision had to be made concerning 

 exactly what constitutes a detached breakwater. The usual shore-parallel 

 structures obviously fit this category but there are other types of con- 

 struction which could be included. Among these are T-groins where the 

 length of breakwater section is much longer than the groin, submerged 

 sills of timber, steel-sheet piling, rubble or other materials, and arti- 

 ficial headlands used to form crenulate-shaped bays. 



The bibliography includes several foreign language papers that have 

 been independently translated. These translations are in the U.S. Army 

 Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) library; however, the accuracy 

 of the translations has not been verified. Some foreign language papers 

 were not translated but keywords were deduced from identifiable figures, 

 photos, and illustrations within the text. 



Copies of some references were not reviewed but were included in the 

 bibliography because of their titles. Abstracts and keywords are not 

 given for these publications. 



