available from private nurseries. Smooth cordgrass and black needle rush are 

 recommended for marsh planting. With appropriate care, such plants can be 

 removed from natural stands and transplanted to a low-energy coast of gradual 

 slope. Black, red, and white mangroves are suggested for reestablishing man- 

 grove areas; root-balling of 3- to 5-foot-tall trees is a successful proce- 

 dure. For grass bed restoration, four seagrasses may be used: turtlegrass, 

 shoalgrass, manateegrass, and widgeongrass. Planting densities, transplanting 

 times, and procedures for removal and care are discussed for each grass. The 

 guidelines also describe habitat development using artificial fishing reefs 

 and oyster reefs. Materials and location should be selected to promote maxi- 

 mum fisheries survival. 



20. CARR, W.E.S., and ADAMS, C.A. , "Food Habits of Juvenile Marine Fishes 

 Occupying Seagrass Beds in the Estuarine Zone Near Crystal River, 

 Florida," Tvansaations of the Ameviaan Fish Society, Vol. 102, No. 3, July 

 1973, pp. 511-540. 



A quantitative gravimetric analysis was made on the stomach contents of 

 juveniles of 21 species of fishes from seagrass beds near Crystal River, 

 Florida. The analysis was based on dry weights of food items and is expressed 

 as percent of total stomach contents. An analysis of the stomach contents of 

 small, sequentially arranged size classes enabled delineation of discrete 

 ontogenetic changes in food habits in many of the species. 



21. CHURCHILL, A.C., COK, A.E., and RINER, M.I., "Stabilization of Subtidal 

 Sediments by the Transplantation of the Seagrass Zosteva mavina," Sea 

 Grant Publication No. 78-15, Marine Science Research Center, State 

 University of New York, Stony Brook, Dec. 1978. 



Zosteva mavina has been successfully transplanted on dredge spoil, and 

 appears to stabilize unconsolidated sediments. Researchers recommend manually 

 transplanting miniplugs of seagrass sediment-free clusters, four to six shoots 

 together with entangled roots and rhizomes. A total of 5,, 061 miniplugs were 

 planted in an 0.06-hectare area with 80 percent survival. A twofold and 

 threefold increase in rhizome length and shoot number, respectively, was noted 

 during the first 4 months. The estimated cost of planting 0.41 hectare 

 (1 acre) of seagrass is $3,370. 



22. COTTAM, C. , and ADDY, C.E., "Present Eelgrass Condition and Problems on 

 the Atlantic Coast of North America," Transaotions of the North Ameviaan 

 Wildlife Confevenae, Vol. 12, 1947, pp. 387-398. 



Eelgrass was widespread in the brackish water bays and estuaries along the 

 Atlantic coast. The plant disappeared in 1931 and 1932, causing great eco- 

 logical upheaval, but began to recover by 1945 and 1946. Information is tabu- 

 lated from more than 50 observers of the location and condition of eelgrass 

 beds in 1946. In favorable areas, eelgrass develops by natural reproduction. 



23. COWPER, S.W., "The Drift Algae Community of Seagrass Beds in Redfish Bay, 

 Texas," Contvihutions in Mavine Soiencey University of Texas Marine 

 Science Institute, Austin, Vol. 21, Aug. 1978, pp. 125-132. 



Large quantities of drift algae found over seagrass beds in Redfish Bay, 

 Texas, showed net productivity and competed for light with the seagrasses. 



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