101. PHILLIPS, R.C., "Temperate Grass Flats," Coastal Eaotogioal Systems of 

 the United States^ B.J. Copeland, E.A. McMahan, and H.J. Odum, eds.. 

 Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, June 1974, pp. 244- 

 299. 



Five species of seagrasses are reported from temperate North America. 

 Zosteva mavina is the most important species with Ealodule yrH.ghti'i, Thytlo- 

 epadix sconleviy P. tovvey-i, and Ruppia wavitirna of less importance. The dis- 

 tribution and ecology of eelgrass in the temperate zone of the world are 

 discussed. 



102. PHILLIPS, R.C., "Transplantation of Seagrasses, with Special Emphasis on 

 Eelgrass, Zosteva mavina L. ," Aquaaultuve, Vol. 4, Oct. 1974, pp. 161- 

 176. 



The history of transplanting seagrasses is given. Seagrass field plant- 

 ing methods are needed due to the extremely high productivity of seagrasses 

 and the perturbations they are subject to. Data from experimental plantings 

 indicate (a) distinctions in varieties based on leaf dimensions are invalid, 

 (b) the possibility of local physiological race distinction, (c) the depth 

 limit of eelgrass is due to a lack of suitable light deeper than a certain 

 minimum depth, and (d) eelgrass seedlings require a higher light intensity 

 than is present deeper than a certain minimum depth. Transplanting experi- 

 ments provided much more information concerning seagrass biology than just 

 planting method information. 



103. PHILLIPS, R.C., "Seagrass, Food in the Inshore Coast," Pacific Seavah, 

 Vol. 9, No. 9, Sept. 1975, pp. 2-4. 



This is a study of seagrass as food for marine life. Seagrass at one 

 time was not considered important to marine life, but it is now recognized as 

 important not only to marine life but also to man. Seagrass is adversely 

 affected by sewage. This project studied the annual growth and development 

 cycle of eelgrass to develop planting methods for any season, and to develop 

 new eelgrasses and turtlegrasses that are more adapted to man-influenced 

 environment. 



104. PHILLIPS, R.C., "Preliminary Observations on Transplanting and a Pheno- 

 logical Index of Seagrasses," Aquatic Botany, Vol. 2, No. 2, June 1976, 

 pp. 93-101. 



Transplanting of seagrasses yields basic biological information on toler- 

 ances to changes and extremes of water temperature and salinity, substrate, 

 and chemical pollutants. Reciprocal transplants across tidal zones or across 

 latitudinal distances can be used to distinguish whether responses represent 

 phenotypic plasticity or ecotypic differentiation. Transplanting also repre- 

 sents the ability to maintain, create, or re-create seagrass meadows where 

 human activity is increasing. It is important to know the phenology of sea- 

 grasses used in transplanting. A preliminary phenological index is given. 



105. PHILLIPS, R.C., "Seagrasses and the Coastal Marine Environment," Oceanus, 

 Vol. 21, No. 3, 1978, pp. 30-40. 



Seagrasses create a diversity of habitats and substrates, providing a 

 structured habitat from a structureless one. Because of their structure and 

 physiology, seagrasses perform a wide assortment of biological and physical 



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