133. VanBREEDVELD, J.F., "Transplanting of Seagrasses with Emphasis on the 

 Importance of Substrate," Florida Marine Research Publication No. 17, 

 Florida Department of Natural Resources, Marine Research Laboratory, St. 

 Petersburg, Fla., Nov. 1975. 



Seagrass transplant experiments have emphasized the use of anchoring 

 devices rather than the suitability of substrate. Thalassla needs an anaer- 

 obic environment, Halodule an aerobic substrate; Syringodium can thrive in 

 either substrate. Transplants should be clumps of four to seven shoots with a 

 few intact rhizomes. The original substrate is transferred with the plants. 

 Plantings should be close together thus, offering the roots and rhizomes a 

 favorable environment from the beginning and allowing them gradually to stabi- 

 lize the surrounding area. Additionally, at least three rows should be 

 planted for increased protection and transplant success. 



134. WAYNE, C.T., "Sea and Marsh-Grasses: Their Effect on Wave Energy and 

 Near-Shore Sand Transport," M.S. Thesis, Florida State University, 

 College of Arts and Sciences, Tallahassee, Fla., Sept. 1975. 



Sea and marsh grasses were found to reduce wave heights by as much as 71 

 percent and wave energy by 92 percent. Binding and trapping of sediments by 

 the grass may modify the pattern of deposition. The effect of artificial sea- 

 grass on wave energy and near sediment transport was explored. The placement 

 of offshore, artificial seagrass beds may influence nearshore sand trans- 

 port. Artificial seagrass may decrease wave energy due to bending of the 

 fronds, increased bottom drag, internal deformation and refraction. 



A dense bed of seagrass can reduce total wave power and modify the wave 

 approach angle. Through an adjustment of total wave power or 6 angle, alter- 

 ation of the littoral component of wave power may be achieved with a corre- 

 sponding reduction of erosion rates. 



135. WELDON, L.W. , BLACKBURN, R.D., and HARRISON, D.S., Common Aquatic Weede , 

 Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1973. 



This handbook was compiled to serve as a basis for the identification of 

 the more common aquatic plants including widgeongrass and Vallisneria. The 

 various plants have been observed, photographed, and, where necessary illus- 

 trated to show the more distinguishable characteristics. Each plant and its 

 natural habitat, distribution, and importance are discussed. 



136. WOOD, E.J.F., ODUM, W.E., and ZIEMAN, J.C, "Influence of Seagrasses on 

 the Productivity of Coastal Lagoons," Pvoaeedings of Memorial Symposium 

 International on Coastal Lagoons, Institute De Biologica, Universidad 

 Nacional, Autonoma de Mexico, Nov. 1967, pp. 495-502. 



Seagrasses in coastal lagoons function to control or modify the ecosystem 

 in the following ways: 



(a) Serve as food for a very limited number of organisms such as 

 the parrotfish, surgeonfish, Australian garfish, the Queen conch, 

 sea urchins, and some nudibranch. The green sea turtle formerly 

 grazed heavily on the turtlegrass. It has been found, however, that 

 certain urchins grind up the seagrasses but do not appear to digest 

 them; this may apply to other animals which appear to graze on the 

 grass. 



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