with their axes tilted. Two cameras, one vertical and one tilted, were modifed to take 

 out-of-focus photos. These are termed photometric photos and were used to determine 

 average sea surface briglitness. The in-focus or image photos were used to determine the 

 aircraft altitude and to note problems such as white caps, slicks, or cloud shadows. Report 

 concludes that optical methods offer possibihties of determining two-dimensional sea 

 surface roughness but that suitable techniques were in an early stage of development in 

 1955. 



5604RS0001 

 McBETH, FRANK H., "A Method of Shoreline Dehneation," Photogrammetric Engineer- 

 ing, Vol. 22, No. 2, Apr. 1956, pp. 400405. 

 Keywords: Aerial Photographs, Coastal Mapping, Shoreline Delineation 

 A procedure for delineating the high water line on photos in the preparation of nautical 

 charts and maps is described. It is based on photo textural and tonal differences and a 

 banded appearance caused by debris. Procedure varies depending on whether the shoreline is 

 composed of rock or clastic materials (sand, gravel, and shell). Although the high water line 

 for the last high tide is delineated by this procedure, the author maintains that the 

 distinction between the mean high water line and the usual liigh water line is insignificant 

 for most mapping purposes. Several photos of coastal areas illustrate the technique. 



5604RS0002 

 TEWINKEL, G. C, "Hydrographic Application of Photogrammetry in the United States 



Coast and Geodetic Suryey '^ Photogrammetric Engineering, Vol. 22, No. 2, Apr. 1956, 



pp. 263-267. 

 Keywords: Aerial Photographs, Photogrammetry , Coastal Mapping, Shoreline Delineation 

 Article presents a brief review of the uses of photos and photogrammetry by the USC&GS 

 in its Photogrammetry Division. Photogrammetry is used primarily in the compilation and 

 revision of charts, and by hydrographic survey teams. Review mentions that the Survey 

 attempts to obtain photos at low tide, and delineates the high water line from the photos. 

 Photos were useful in periodic revisions of charts, because changes in coastal features can be 

 easily evaluated. Black and white infrared photos are most suitable for delineating the 

 land-water boundary because water photographs dark compared to the adjacent land. 



5704RS0001 



BROOKS, H. R., "Chart Revisions," Photogrammetric Engineering, Vol. 23, No. 2, Apr. 



1957, pp. 303-306. 

 Keywords: Aerial Photographs, Coastal Mapping, Shoreline Delineation 

 Paper describes use of photos to revise USC&GS charts. Charts must be revised periodically 

 to ensure that land and water information is current. Chart revision is necessary where 

 storms and cultural development cause frequent changes in land and water detail. Photos at 

 periodic intervals show where natural and manmade changes have occurred and chart 

 revision is required. Black and white infrared photos are often used in areas of deltas and 

 tidal flats for easier delineation of the slioreUne. 



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