1979 



51. HURME, A.K., "Rubble-Mound Structures as Artificial Reefs," Proceedings of the 



Specialty Conference on Coastal Structures 79, American Society of Civil 

 Engineers, Vol. 2, Mar. 1979, pp. 1042-1051 (Also Reprint 79-4, U.S. Army, Corps 

 of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Aug. 1979, 

 NTIS AD No. A073 277). 



Structures armored with rubble can have a positive effect on coastal ecology by 

 functioning as artificial reefs particularly when they are placed in areas with a barren 

 bottom. The desirable qualities of these reef structures are frequently overlooked. Many 

 people think of rubble groins, jetties, and breakwaters as desirable places to fish, but do not 

 realize that the structures themselves have a major influence on the success of their fishing. 



Creating fishing reefs by putting soUd materials in coastal waters has a long history of 

 success and has helped support a fishery that contributes miUions of dollars to coastal 

 recreation. Rubble-mound structures (constructed by the U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers) 

 are ideal artificial reefs because tliey are built of natural stone and have many varying sized 

 cracks and crevices exposed to the entire water column so they can be colonized by the 

 greatest diversity of reef dwellers. Most potential environmental problems can be overcome 

 by careful planning and site selection. Although benefits appear great, quantifying them is a 

 difficult task. Both from the standpoint of biomass and sport-fishing success, rubble -mound 

 reefs are biologically highly productive. 



52. HURME, A.K., YANCEY, R.M., and PULLEN, E.J., "SampUng Macroinvertebrates on 



High-Energy Sand Beaches," CETA 79-3, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal 

 Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Sept. 1979, NTIS AD No. 

 A077 070. 



Tliis report summarizes the most practical and cost-effective techniques developed from 

 CERC-sponsored research and the literature for quantitatively sampling high-energy sand 

 beach macroinvertebrates. The general habitat, the field crew's quaUfications and duties, and 

 the materials ajid equipment are described. A general approach to planning the fieldwork, 

 timing the trips, and developing a sampUng plan is given. Methods for taking, transferring, 

 and preserving samples for laboratory analysis are described. Sample treatment, population 

 analysis, cost, and manpower requirements are discussed. 



53. KNUTSON, P.L., "Sand Stabilization, Nauset Beach, Massachusetts," Environmental 



Geologic Guide to Cape Cod National Seashore, National Park Service, Cooperative 

 Research Unit, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass., 1979. 

 Experimental plots were estabhshed in April 1970 on a baymoutli bar at Nauset Harbor 

 on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, comparing sand fence and American beachgrass (Ammophila 

 breviligulata) for dune creation and stabilization. Sand fences initially capture sand more 

 rapidly than beachgrass. Once estabhshed, however, beachgrass plantings are equally as 

 effective. Dune growth rate with either technique exceeded 11 cubic meters per Unear meter 

 of beach per year. 



20 



