54. NEWCOMBE, C.L., et al., "Bank Erosion Control with Vegetation, San-Francisco Bay, 



California," MR 79-2, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering 

 Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., May 1979, NTIS AD No. A072 924. 



During 1975 to 1978, an intertidal shoreUne stabilization study was conducted to 

 determine biological means of controlling erosion. CaUfornia cordgrass (Spartina foliosa) 

 and mussels (Ischadium demissum) were used in San Pablo Bay and South San Francisco 

 Bay, California. 



The study indicated that estabhsliing cordgrass with seeds is not a practical method for 

 controlling erosion. Cordgrass plugs are more useful than sprigs whUe the cordgrass-mussel 

 plugs, termed bioconstructs, are the most tolerant to erosion by waves. The cordgrass-mussel 

 community bioconstructs survived exceptionally well during the 13-month observation at 

 Alameda Creek, a high-energy site. Once estabUshed, they are highly resistant to waves, will 

 survive transplanting, and can be estabUshed in an area with up to a 7-kLlometer fetch 

 without wave-stUling devices. 



The biomass of the aerial parts of 23 natural CaHfornia cordgrass marshes averaged 

 1,062 grams per square meter. This value is similar to those previously reported for smooth 

 cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) on the Atlantic coast. 



55. PULLEN, E.J., and YANCEY, R.M., "Beach Nourishment: Its Effect on Coastal 



Ecology," Proceedings of the 23d Annual Meeting of the Florida Shore and Beach 

 Preservation Association, Florida Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program, Nov. 1979, 

 pp. 51-64. 



Results of CERC's studies on the ecological effects of beach nourishment that date 

 from 1971 to the present are presented. The studies indicate that the area impacted by 

 nourishment and dredging should be considered as three zones for quantitative sampling 

 because of the physical and biological conditions of the beach and nearshore areas. Based on 

 CERC's results, nourishment operations (if properly planned) have only minor impacts on 

 coastal resources, unless especially sensitive resources are involved (coral reefs, turtle 

 habitat, shellfish beds, etc.). Nearshore organisms are better adapted to covering with 

 sediment than the offshore organisms. 



56. WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., "Building Salt Marshes Along the Coasts of the Continental 



United States," SR-4, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering 

 Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., May 1979, GPO Stock No. 008-022-00133-6. 

 This is tlie first comprehensive report on coastal marsh creation in tlie continental 

 United States. This report provides potential users an analysis and interpretation of the 

 available information on this subject. The role of marshes, the feasibility of marsh creation, 

 and the effects of elevation, salinity, slope, exposure, and soils on marsh establishment are 

 discussed. Plants suitable for marsh building are described by the major regions. Plant 

 propagation, planting, fertilization, and management of the major plants are discussed. 

 Labor and material requirements for marsh creation are summarized. 



