protective measures taken along detrital coasts of the Black Sea and sandy 

 shores of the Baltic Sea have been treated on the basis of the laws of 

 dynamics and morphology of shores (19,20, 30) # 



Soviet Coastal Investigations of Sea Outlets of Large Rivers (Deltas) - 

 Considerable attention in U.S.S.R. is given to phenomena involved in coastal 

 areas penetrated by outlets of large rivers (deltas). Usually where suitable 

 for the construction of large harbors, a systematic observation is carried 

 out in these areas in connection with the inland waterways construction 

 program and for the purpose of maritime and coastal engineering. Voluminous 

 scientific material on problems of dynamics and morphology of large river 

 deltas was evaluated and published. I. V, Samoilov, in his book "River 

 Outlets" (74) f presents a survey and analysis of these problems, including 

 the description of deltas of major Russian rivers. The book also covers 

 deltas of major large rivers of the world. 



Methods and Techniques of Soviet Coastal Research - The research methods 

 are not as yet developed as to indicate a definite standard, although an 

 attempt in this direction is noticeable. Most of the methods are described 

 in special studies, which deal with specific problems of dynamics and mor- 

 phology of shores including lithological and mineralogical analysis of the 

 material (40,99,102,115), quantitative analysis (3,19,20,25,28,30,33,44,58), 

 and laboratory model presentation (30). Several of these methods have been 

 merged and supplemented in some cases with diver observations (81, 82)^ 

 Electric and photographic methods are, however, gaining importance (42,48, 

 55-57, 76,87). Particularly well developed are methods of indicators, marked 

 debris, colored or activated sand ( 65-66) # 



CONCLUSIONS 



The establishment of a central scientific authority in charge of in- 

 vestigations of shore zone processes organized as The Shore Section of the 

 Oceanographic Commission under the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences, 

 U.S.S.R. indicates the Soviet Government* s interest in coastal problems of 

 engineering and construction. Emphasis is placed on economic and strategic 

 planning. 



This central authority coordinates and directs the activities of a large 

 number of research institutions and agencies in all parts of U.S.S.R. These 

 institutions are abundantly endowed with equipment, including laboratories 

 and experimental and observation stations and are staffed with numerous 

 scientific and engineering personnel. The voluminous literature listed in 

 the bibliography, covering a great variety of subjects in the coastal field 

 was produced during the period 1946 to 1958. Since 1958, the volume of 

 publications in coastal research has increased at an accelerated rate. 



The extent of Soviet scientific and technological activities in the 

 field of physical oceanography and coastal phenomena is formidable in itself. 

 The objective evaluation of these activities, by means of reviewing the 

 voluminous and growing Russian professional literature, presents a most 

 difficult task, complicated by highly theoretical treatment applied in 

 research and studies, as well as by the terminology and language obstacles. 



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