22 AUSTRIA-HUNGAEY, 



The flourishing industries which the Protestants formerly carried on in Carinthia 

 and Styria fled these countries, and many mines were deserted. 



Actually the spiritual authorities can boast of no more faithful subjects than 

 are the Tyrolese, who feel a sort of pride in the fact of the Council of Trent having 

 sat in one of their towns. Philosophical discussions are stifled in their schools, 

 and "freemason " is a term of reproach. With the exception of a few Protestant 

 congregations recently established in the larger towns, the population is Catholic, 

 the number of priests and other ecclesiastics is large, and their influence in the 

 more remote valleys all-powerful. In Carinthia and Styria, however, owing to 

 immigration, the number of Protestants is larger. 



The Tyrol has not yet become one huge hotel, like its neighbour Switzerland, 

 but the number of tourists is annually increasing, railways are multiplying, 

 and modern ideas are carried into the remotest valleys. Quite as great changes in 

 the modes of thought of the Austrian mountaineers are being wrought by their 

 periodical migrations. About one-sixth of the native-born Tyrolese, male and 

 female, are supposed to live beyond the boundaries of the country, either as 

 singers and zither-players, or in pursuit of divers trades. The emigrants from 

 the Yorarlberg deal in woollen stuffs ; those from the Stubay Mountains in iron ; 

 the natives of the Passeyer valley, on the Upper Adige, trade in cattle ; those of 

 the Lungau valley, on the Mur, are travelling bone-setters and farriers. In the 

 last century it was the Zillerthalers more especially who roamed through the 

 world as itinerant doctors, selling oils, drugs, and essences. About 400 of them 

 were then engaged in the sale of a wonderful oil, composed of seventy drugs, 

 and known as " mithridates." At the present day this industry can hardly be 

 said to exist, and the Zillerthalers are content to deal in gloves, or to gain a 

 living as singers. During winter many villages are inhabited only by women, 

 children, and old men. The flne villas which are met with in some of the more 

 remote valleys are the property of emigrants who have returned home with the 

 wealth acquired abroad. 



Productions, Industry, Commerce. 



The Italian Tyrol is as fertile, and its productions are as varied, as those of 

 Lombardy ; the great valleys of the Inn and the Drave are fertile agricultural 

 districts ; but in the remainder of the country dairy-farming and cattle-breeding 

 are the principal occupations. In many districts the small income of the family 

 is eked out by domestic industries. The men of the Gardena, or Groden valley, 

 carve dolls, toys, and other articles in wood, whilst the women make coarse lace. 



The mining industry is of considerable importance, excepting in the Tyrol. 

 The mineral wealth increases as we proceed east. The country around Salzburg 

 (Saltborough) abounds in rock-salt ; Carinthia has mines of lead, zinc, iron, and 

 copper ; Styria possesses rock-salt, iron, and lignite. The gold mines of the Tyrol 

 appear to have been exhausted. In the sixteenth century they employed 30,000 

 workmen. 



Salt and iron are the principal minerals worked at the present day. Hall 



