GALICIA AND BUKOVINA. 



lia 



amongst them. In the retired villages of the Carpathians they have been able 

 to preserve their ancient customs, but superstition likewise survives there, and 

 their ignorance is great. 



The Ruthenians around Tarnopol are known as Podolians ; those to the south 

 of Lemberg as Bo'iks ; those in the Eastern Capathians as Huzuls. These latter, 

 not having been demoralised b}' brandy to the same extent as their kinsmen, are 

 the gayest and happiest tribe of the Ruthenians : though formerly addicted to 

 brigandage, they are nevertheless more honest than their kinsmen in the plain. 

 The Ruthenians are fond of poetry and music ; they are said to be kindly disposed 

 and hospitable, but at the same time vacillating, untrustworthy, and passionate. 

 The Huzuls excepted, they are physically a feeble race, though tall and well made. 



Fig. 74. — The Distribution of the Ruthenians. 

 Scale 1 : 5,500,000. 



aO'K.of Paris 



Over M p.c. 



Over 20 lie. 

 . 100 Miles. 



This feebleness, however, may be due to their poverty, or to the frequent fasts 

 imposed by the Church and scrupulously observed. 



In Bukovina the Rumanians are almost as numerous as the Ruthenians. 

 A hundred years ago the former were in a majority, but the annexation of the 

 country by Austria has given the preponderance to the Slavs. The population 

 of this small country is very mixed. Poles are settled amongst the Ruthenians ; 

 Szekely have crossed the Carpathians in search of pasture-grounds ; Chechians 

 have settled down as miners ; Germans have formed agricultural colonies and 

 mining villages. Several thousand Russians belonging to the proscribed sect 

 of the Lipovani have found a refuge here, and Armenian communities have 

 established themselves in the principal towns. To these divers nationalities 



