GALICIA AND BUKOVINA. 123 



(102,950 inhabitants). It occupies a central position between the rivers Dniestr, 

 Vistula, and Bug. No navigable river flows past the city, but three railways 

 converge upon it, and feed its commerce and industry. The old city covers an 

 area of only 62 acres, but the suburbs spread over 12 square miles. The 

 former contains the university and most public buildings, whilst the new National 

 Museum, with its library, is in one of the suburbs. 



Cracow (50,000 inhabitants), though inferior to Lemberg in commerce and 

 population, far exceeds it in interest on account of its historical associations. Up 

 to the middle of the seventeenth century Cracow was the capital of Poland, and 

 its population was then double what it is now. When Austria took possession 

 of the city its fortunes declined rapidly, and in 1775 it only numbered 16,000 

 inhabitants. The Congress of Vienna constituted Cracow and its environs an 

 independent territory, but in 1846 the Austrians nevertheless once more took pos- 

 session of it. The town is favourabl}'' seated upon the navigable Vistula, or Wisla, 

 and, although very thinly peopled, its appearance from a distance is most 

 striking. Formerly it was one of the great intermediaries of commerce between 

 Russia and Germany, but it is now only important as a grain mart. Most of its 

 commerce is in the hands of the Jews, who occupy the whole of the suburb of 

 Kazimierz, built upon an island of the Vistula. Cracow has a university founded 

 in 1364, a library of 90,000 volumes, an observatory, and several learned societies. 

 Many Polish books are published there. The ashes of the Kings of Poland are 

 preserved in the cathedral, and Copernicus lies buried in another of the thirty- 

 seven churches of the town. The old castle has been transformed into fortified 

 barracks, but the fortifications of the city have been -razed and converted into 

 public promenades. Only one of the ancient gates, that of St. Florian, built 

 in 1498 as a defence against the Turks, has been allowed to remain. A huge 

 block of granite, dedicated to the memory of Kosciuszko, has been placed on an 

 artificial mound to the west of the city. That mound, sacred to the great hero 

 of dying Poland, now lies within the enceinte of an Austrian fort, the guns of 

 which command the city. 



The villages around Cracow are noted for their market gardens, and send 

 vegetables as far as Berlin and Hamburg. Other articles exported from the 

 vicinity are the salt of WieUczka (6,150 inhabitants) and Bochnia (8,200 inha- 

 bitants), the coal of Jairorziw, and the cloth oî Biala (6,000 inhabitants). 



Most of the towns of Galicia are miniature Lembergs, consisting of a compactly 

 built nucleus surrounded by scattered suburbs. Tarnôw (22,200 inhabitants), a 

 rapidly increasing town, is the principal place of commerce on the Dunajec. 

 Higher up on the same river is Noico Sandek (9,800 inhabitants). Hzeszô/v 

 (9,200 inhabitants), half- way between Cracow and Lemberg, exports butter and 

 eggs. Jaroslaw (11,150 inhabitants), on the San, rises in the midst of orchards. 

 Its fairs formerly attracted oriental merchants, including even Persians. Przemysl 

 (11,600 inhabitants), higher up on the San, is the commercial centre of a petroleum 

 district. Sanibor (11,750 inhabitants), on the Upper Dniestr, is an agricultural 

 town, whilst Drochobicz (16,900 inhabitants), surrounded by forests, exports the 



