198 GERMANY. 



camps there, and later on the Counts of Ziiliringen erected a stronghold upon a 

 neighbouring hill. In the sixteenth century, when Danubian commerce was 

 more brisk than it is now, Freiburg had 40,000 inhabitants. At the present day 

 it is known rather for its charming situation and fine cathedral than because 

 of its commerce and industry. It boasts also of a small university, known as the 

 Alhcrtlna, from its founder, Duke Albert. A monument commemorates the 

 memory of Berthold Schwarz, the reputed inventor of gunpowder. 



Lahr (8,491 inhabitants), a small manufacturing town, lies in a valley at some 

 distance from the main road. Offenhurg (6,587 inhabitants) occupies a favourable 

 position on the Kinzig, and at the foot of a pass leading over the Black Forest. 

 Its growth would no doubt have been more rapid had it not been for the greater 

 attraction exercised by Strassburg, whose cathedral peeps out above the trees on 

 the horizon. 



Baden-Baden (10,958 inhabitants), the most populous town of this portion of 

 the Black Forest, is wholly indebted to its springs for the prosperity it enjo^'s. 

 Situate in the charming valley of the Oos, this ancient residential seat of the 

 Dukes of Baden attracts annually some 50,000 visitors, amongst whom French- 

 men were formerly very numerous. The hottest of the thirteen mineral springs 

 of this Aurelia Aqneiisis of the Romans has a temperature now of 144*^ F., 

 but, to judge from the silica deposited around, it must have been much hotter 

 formerly. 



Historical associations abound in the country which extends from- Baden to 

 Heidelberg. An obelisk near the village of Sasbach marks the spot of Turenne's 

 death in 1675. Rastatt (12,219 inhabitants), a fortress defending the valley of the 

 Murg, recalls the Congress which sat there during the wars of the Bevolution in 

 1797 to 1799, and at the close of which the French plenipotentiaries were assas- 

 sinated. 



Karlsruhe (42,895 inhabitants), the modern capital of Baden, dates no further 

 back than the beginning of the seventeenth century. It lies off the great 

 historical highway, which runs to the east of it, through EttUngen (5,288 

 inhabitants) and Durlnch (6,782 inhabitants). A creation of caprice, Karls- 

 ruhe gradually grew into a town of importance after it had become the seat of 

 Government and the centre of a network of railways. The Grand Ducal palace, 

 with its park, occupies the centre of the town, and thirty-two radii diverge from 

 it. It is a neat town, with several fine buildings, a museum, a library, and a 

 technical high school attended by 800 students. 



Pforzheim (23,692 inhabitants), to the south-west of Karlsruhe, on the Enz, 

 a tributary of the jSTeckar, recalls the Porfœ Hercyniœ of the Romans. It has 

 become a great industrial centre since French immigrants introduced the 

 manufacture of jewellery, which now occupies 8,000 artisans in the town and 

 neighbouring villages. Most of the jewellery manufactured at Pforzheim is of 

 inferior quality, 13^ carat gold being legally permitted to be used.* 



* In 1873 Pforzheim exported 72 tons of jewellery; Ilanau, 40 tons; Gmiind, 10 tons; and Stutt- 

 gart, 5 tons. 



