328 GERMANY. 



between 1872 and 1876 twenty-nine public companies engaged in the manufac- 

 ture of rolling stock and metal ware lost £5,240,000, or 76 per cent, of their capital. 

 One of the private manufactories, that of Borsig, has turned out several thousand 

 locomotives. Of great importance is the manufacture of telegraph apparatus, 

 pianofortes, paper-hangings, hosiery, and drapery. Enormous breweries are 

 scarcely able to keep abreast with the demands of their consumers. The number 

 of distilleries is also very large. The limestone quarries at Riidersdorf, to the 

 east of Kopnik, supply a great portion of Northern Germany with building 

 stones. The so-called Berlin porcelain is manufactured at Charlottenburg. 

 When Berlin shall be united to the Baltic by means of a ship canal, its industry 

 and commerce will no doubt take a development not hitherto dreamed of. 



Berlin, which, including the Thiergarten, covers an area of 14,020 acres, 

 spreads very rapidly in almost all directions, and is continually encroaching upon 

 the solitudes which surround it. The railway termini, barracks, gas works, 

 and hospitals, which about the middle of the century occupied its outskirts, are 

 now surrounded by houses. The military authorities, to escape this incessant 

 invasion of civilian buildings, have removed their practising grounds to Zossen 

 (3,103 inhabitants), a town 20 miles to the south of Berlin. The line which 

 joins Zossen to Berlin was constructed and is being worked by the railway 

 battalion. 



In the north-east, owing to the cold winds, Berlin grows less quickly. In the 

 east a suburb stretches as far as the village of Liôhtenberg, where the new school 

 for cadets has been built. In the south the houses extending along the Spree do 

 not yet reach the small town of Kopnik (7,113 inhabitants). Ef.rbHrr/ (15,309 

 inhabitants), in the south-east, is separated bj^ the park of the Hasenheide from 

 Berlin. The descendants of a colony of Hussites live in this suburban village, 

 still mixing a few Chechian words with the German. But it is towards the west 

 that Berlin extends most rapidly. The elegant quarters surrounding the Thier- 

 garten join it there to CJiarlottenhurg (25,847 inhabitants) and the villas of the 

 west-end. The mausoleum in the park of Charlottenburg contains Bauch's 

 masterpiece, a recumbent figure of Queen Louise. 



Spandau (26,888 inhabitants), at the confluence of the Spree and Havel, and in 

 the midst of lakes and swamps, is the citadel of Berlin. It is a town of arsenals, 

 gun factories, and military workshops. The castle of Tegel, at the northern 

 extremity of the Lake of Spandau, was the residence of the brothers Humboldt, 

 who lie buried there. Another lake, to the south-west, reflects the dome and 

 towers of Potsdam (45,003 inhabitants), the summer residence of the Kings of 

 Prussia. The town itself is very dull, existing only for the sake of princes, 

 generals, and court functionaries, and the environs abound in royal parks, 

 including those of Sans Souci and Babelsberg. The lowlands around Potsdam 

 are now cultivated as market gardens, and at Noicaices (6,664 inhcbitants), a 

 Chechian colony founded by Frederick IL, the inhabitants engage in cotton 

 and silk spinning. Hiickel, the anthropologist, and Helmholtz were born at 

 Potsdam. It was in this town that the father of Frederick the Great kept his 



