362 GERMANY. 



The iron works of Germany rank next to those of England and the United 

 States, and there is hardly a metal or mineral useful to man which is not found in 

 that country.* 



Industry, 



German industry has taken wonderful strides in advance in the course of the 

 nineteenth centur3^ Its manufactories use up nearly all the coal produced in the 

 country, and, with the exception of zinc and lead, no metals are exported except in 

 a manufactured state, large quantities of pig-iron being even imported to supply 

 its steel works. The iron and steel works of Germany are amongst the most 

 important in the world, employing 113,000 workmen, and producing annually 

 between 1,500,000 and 2,000,000 tonsjof pig-iron (2,124,444 tons in 1878), the total 

 consumption of pig-iron in the country amounting to between 2,242,000 and 

 2,556,250 tons annually. 



The textile industries are likewise of considerable importance, especially since 

 the annexation of Alsace, which raised the German spindles from 2,950,000 to 

 4,650,000, of which 1,386,000 are at work in Saxony. The manufacture of 

 woollen stuffs, though considerable in Berlin and Silesia, is yet very much inferior 

 to that of France, whilst the silk industry of Crefeld and Elberfeld, though 

 respectable, cannot vie with that of Lyons. The linen industry, which employs 

 305,000 spindles, is, on the other hand, far more extensive. Altogether the textile 

 fabrics annually produced in Germany are valued at nearly £80,000,000. 



The paper-mills produce annually 180,000 tons of paper. Of great importance 

 are the glass works and potteries, the chemical works, the machine shops, the 

 manufactories of jewellery, and above all, the breweries and distilleries. f 



* Mining produce of Germany : — 



The other products included ores of manganese, arsenic, cobalt, nickel, zinc, sulphur, &c. In 1878 

 the produce was 39,429,308 tons of coal, 10,971,117 tons of lignite, whilst the metals i^roduced from the 

 ores included 2,124,444 tons of pig-iron, 84,372 tons of lead, 94,954 tons of zinc, 9,541 tons of copper, 

 831 tons of tin, and 1,245 tons of antimony. 



t Industrial statistics for 1875 (total number of persons employed): — Horticulture, 25,442; 

 fisheries, 19,632; mining, metallurgy, salt works, 433,146; potteries, glass works, quarries, 265,106; 

 metal-workers, 420,304 ; machinerj^ tools, &c., 308,462 ; chemical works, 52,033 ; candle manufactories, 

 gas works, &c., 42,330 ; textile industries, 920,579 ; paper and leather, 187,219 ; wood, 402,816; prepara- 

 tion of food, 692,319 ; dress, 1,052,672 ; building trades, 468,457 ; polygraijhic arts, 55,849 ; art industries, 

 13,174; commerce and retail trade, 661,733 ; transportation, 134,172 ; inns and taverns, 234,602. Grand 

 total, 6,455,644 persons, of whom 1,114,008 were females. 



