PART II - STRUCTURAL DESIGN 



1. SCOPE 93 



2. PHYSICAL FACTORS 



WAVE HEIGHTS 99 



Determination of Design Wave Hts. and Direction 99 

 Significant Design Wave - Structure Outside the Breaker 



Zone 99 



WAVE FORGES 101 



Determination of Breaker Depths and ^"^eights 101 



Non-breaking Waves 101 



Waves Breaking on a Structure 10? 



VJaves Breaking Seaward of a Structure 110 



Effect of Face Slope on Wave Pressures 112 



Wave Forces on Rubble Mound Structures 112 



Equations for the Weight of Above Surface Stones 113 



Equations for Weights of Sub -surface Stones llU 



Effect of Wave Angle of Approach 117' 



EARTH FORCES 117 



Active Forces 117 



Unit Weights and Internal Friction Angles 120 



Application of Resultant of Earth Force 119 



Earth Pressures - Passive Forces 121 



Surcharge Loads 121 



Submerged Materials 12,2 



Uplift 122 



ICE FORCES 122 



MTERIAI,S ' 123 



Concrete 123 



Steel 123 



Timber I2ii 



Stone 12U 



3. SEAWALLS, RE\?ETMEKTS AND BULKHEADS 121; 



Types 12U 



Selection of Type 127 



HIGH SEl^II-GilAVITY TYPE CONCRETE VJAI,L 131 



Design - General 131 



Computations of Wave Forces 131 



Wall Height 136 



Stability Calculations 137 



Internal Stresses - Overturning Landward lill 



Foundation Pressures - Overtiirning Landward li4l 



Bearing Piling li;2 



