Beach 



Shoreline 



~f 



Groin 



Direction of 

 littoral drift 



Ocean 



FIG. 40. EFFECT OF SINGLE GROIN 



Beach 



Shoreline 



iiiui CI iiie — V 



1 ^ 



"*" Direction of Littoral drift 



Ocean 



FIG.4I. EFFECT OF A SERIES OF GROINS 



Erosion- 



Erosion- 



Offshore I breakwater 

 Ocean 



FIG.42 EFFECT OF OFFSHORE BREAKWATER 



Entrance Jetties 



• Direction of littoral drift 

 Ocean 



FIG. 43. EFFECT OF ENTRANCE JETTIES 



Shore 



Erosion- 



Accretion -7 



Shore 

 Slight Accretion-7 Sl ight Erosioji -^ 



Accretion 



Pile pier 



Breokwater- 



^ Direction of littoral drift 

 Ocean 



FIG. 44. EFFECT OF SHORE 



CONNECTED BREAKWATER 



Direction of littoral drift 



Ocean 



FIG. 45. EFFECT OF PILE CLUSTERS 



DIRECTION OF LITTORAL DRIFT DETERMINED BY EXISTING STRUCTURES 



51 



