Beach widths in this section range up to a maximum of about 75 feet at 

 mean lake stage. 



Lake Michigan is over 300 miles long and about 80 miles wide. The 

 mean lake level for the 94-year period of record is 2.1 feet above the 

 established low water datum. The highest monthly mean recorded was 3.1 

 feet above mean lake level and 5.2 feet above low water datum. Short 

 period fluctuations up to about 1.5 feet are caused by winds and 

 differences in barometric pressures. The design lake stage is 5 feet 

 above low water datum. Of winds which generate waves affecting the area, 

 those from the north-northeast have the greatest fetch, about 175 miles, 

 but those from the south-southeast have a fetch of about 170 miles. 

 During severe storms with a frequency of about once a year, waves may 

 range up to 11 feet in height in deep water, but ordinarily waves of 

 this height break before reaching shore structures. Waves from both the 

 northeast and southeast quadrants cause movement of beach material, but 

 there appears to be little net transport in either direction between Two 

 Rivers and Manitowoc Harbors. North of Two Rivers Harbor the predominant 

 direction of littoral transport is southward. Immediately south of 

 Manitowoc Harbor the direction of littoral movement alternates, but there 

 appears to be a slight northward predominance of littoral transport. 

 The small streams entering the lake in Manitov/oc County furnish little 

 material to the shore. 



The Division and District Engineers and the Beach Erosion Board con- 

 cluded that the most suitable plans of preventing erosion and stabiliz- 

 ing the shores of the study area consist of stone revetments or rubble 

 mounds and that beach fill plans are practicable south of Manitowoc 

 Harbor but economically unjustified. They found that protection of 

 9,550 feet of shore along State Highway 42 and Cleveland Avenue between 

 Two Rivers and Waldo Avenue in Manitowoc by stone revetment at the toe 

 of the bluff was warranted by evaluated benefits. They therefore re- 

 commended adoption of a Federal project authorizing Federal participation 

 therein to the extent of one-third of the first cost, subject to certain 

 conditions. They further found that protection of the remaining frontage 

 of the study area was not justified by evaluated benefits, but recommended 

 that protective measures which may be undertaken by local interests for 

 other sections of shore, based on their own determination of economic 

 justification, be accomplished in accordance with plans proposed in this 

 report. 



The Chief of Engineers concurred in the views and recommendations 

 of the Beach Erosion Board. 



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