PROBLEMS FROM DEVELOPMENT 139 



Only a small part of the potential has been developed, and per- 

 haps not even a dent has been made in the discharge of such 

 large streams as the Ohio or the Susquehanna, or even the 

 Connecticut or Wabash, by ground-water draft to date. Along 

 large rivers such as these, the ultimate limit of ground-water 

 development will doubtless be set not by the quantity of sur- 

 face water available but by the limited areas available for oc- 

 cupancy along most watercourses, and the even more limited 

 areas where water can be diverted from the stream through a 

 permeable bed and to a well. 



The watercourses of the Ohio River and its tributaries have 

 been the sites of very large ground-water developments, 

 notably at Pittsburgh and Louisville, and at Dayton, Cincin- 

 nati, Canton, Akron, Middletown, Hamilton, and Chillicothe 

 in Ohio. The great potentialities of some watercourses for 

 further development were put to good advantage during the 

 war, and they furnished the huge water supplies required for 

 such plants as the ordnance works at Clinton, Charlestown, 

 and Terre Haute, Ind. However, some areas have been faced 

 by serious ground-water problems, even by shortages of water 

 in the midst of plenty. 



Pittsburgh, Pa. 64 The Ohio River and its tributaries fur- 

 nish the bulk of the water used in the Pittsburgh area, in- 

 cluding as much as 125 million gallons a day for public use, 

 and perhaps several billion gallons a day for industries. 

 About 85 million gallons a day is pumped from wells, in- 

 cluding about 70 million for industrial use. Ninety-five per 

 cent of this water comes from sand and gravel in the water- 

 ed References: Adamson, J. H., J. B. Graham, and N. H. Klein, Ground- 

 water Resources of the Valley-fill Deposits of Allegheny 

 County, Pennsylvania, Pa. Topographic and Geologic 

 Survey Bull. W-8, 1949. 

 Adamson, J. H., Ground Water in the Pittsburgh Area, 

 Pa. Dept. of Internal Affairs Monthly Bull., vol. 17, no. 10, 

 pp. 26-32, 1949. 

 Van Tuyl, D. W., Ground-water Resources of the Valley-fill 

 Deposits in the Pittsburgh Area, Pennsylvania Journal of 

 Science, in press. 



