CONTENTS 



Page 



CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) u 



I INTRODUCTION 13 



1 . General 13 



2 . Background 13 



3. Objective 13 



4. Organization of Report 13 



II MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COASTAL STRUCTURES 15 



1 . General 15 



2 . Structural Properties 15 



3 . Nonstructural Properties 16 



4. Availability 18 



5 . Compatibility with other Materials 20 



6. Maintenance and Preservation Requirements 21 



7. Environmental Considerations 22 



III STONE 23 



1. Types and General Characteristics of Stone 23 



2. Categories of Stone Size and Gradation 26 



3 . Stone Specifications 29 



4 . Quarrying Methods 34 



5 . Placement Methods 40 



6 . Repair of Structures 44 



7 . Environmental Considerations 44 



8 . Uses in Coastal Construction 46 



IV EARTH 51 



1 . Component Types and Class of Soils 51 



2. Properties and Characteristics of Soils 54 



3. Methods of Soil Improvement 57 



4. Placement of Soil for Coastal Structures 61 



5 . Repair of Earth Structures 64 



6 . Environmental Considerations 64 



7. Uses of Soils in Coastal Construction 64 



V PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE 70 



1 . Introduction 70 



2 . Types of Portland Cement 70 



3 . Properties 72 



4 . Components 73 



5 . Preparation of Concrete Mixes 95 



6 . Techniques to Enhance Durability 102 



7. Reinforcing-Prestressing Materials 112 



8. Joint Sealing 118 



9 . Repair of Concrete 1 30 



10. Delivery and Placement 138 



11 . Environmental Considerations 144 



12. Uses in Coastal Structures 147 



VI OTHER TYPES OF CONCRETE AND GROUT 166 



1 . Bituminous Concrete 166 



