can be used in porous structures; however, the asphalt does not deteriorate 

 in the presence of water unless accompanied by petroleum solvents. 



(2} Preplaced Aggregate Concrete . This concrete is not normally 

 penetrated by water, but seawater with a high sulfate and chloride content 

 may be moderately aggressive as on Portland cement concrete. 



(3) Portland Cement Grout . Portland cement grout will undergo the 

 same environmental effect as preplaced aggregate concrete. 



(4) Soil Cement. Soil cement will not be affected by water penetra- 



tion. 



(.5) Sulfur Cement Concrete and Grout. Sulfur cement concrete and 



grout will not be affected by water penetration. 



d. Wave and Current Effects . 



(1) Bituminous Concrete . Bituminous concrete is not affected by 

 normal waves and currents unless they have sufficient force to carry sus- 

 pended matter to cause severe abrasion. The abraded asphalt particles are 

 a stable compound and sufficiently diluted as to not cause any measurable 

 impact on the adjacent environment. 



(2) Preplaced Aggregate Concrete . Preplaced aggregate concrete 

 exhibits no effects from waves and currents. 



(3) Portland Cement Grout. Portland cement grout also exhibits no 

 effects from waves and currents. 



(4) Soil Cement . Soil cement should not be used in a wave and 

 current environment as it is brittle and subject to damage by wave impact. 



(5) Sulfur Cement Concrete and Grout . Sulfur cement concrete and 

 grout exhibits no direct effect due to waves and currents. Wear by abrasion 

 and cavitation can result from severe wave action. 



e. Effect of Severe Temperature and Ice . 



(1) Bituminous Concrete. Bituminous concrete may be either a hot- 

 mix or cold-mix design. When mixing temperature should be only sufficient 

 to ensure dry aggregate but in no case should it exceed 163 Celsius (325 

 Fahrenheit) . Exposure to higher temperatures will cause solvents to dissi- 

 pate resulting in deterioration of the asphalt concrete. Ice does not 

 affect bituminous concrete; however, severe cold temperature will cause the 

 concrete to become brittle. 



(2) Preplaced Aggregate Cement . Preplaced aggregate cement is 

 generally not affected by severe temperatures. Air-entraining admixtures 

 will further improve resistance to freezing and thawing as in Portland 

 cement concrete. 



(3] Portland Cement Grout . Portland cement grout is also highly 

 resistant to the effects of severe temperatures. Like preplaced aggregate 



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