(3) Portland Cement Grout . Portland cement grout will react 

 similarly to preplaced concrete. 



(4) Soil Cement. Soil cement may be exposed to alternate cycles of 

 wetting and drying; however, because of the nature of this material it tends 

 to harden until all the cement content is fully hydrated. Sufficient 

 experience is not available to predict the long-term effects; however, 

 because of the hardened condition improved resistance to wetting and drying 

 is a reasonable expectation. 



(5) Sulfur Cement Concrete and Grout . Sulfur cement concrete and 

 grout is unaffected by periodic wetting and drying. 



h. Wind Erosion. None of the five materials discussed in this section 

 are subject to change or deterioration by wind. Strong winds may pick up 

 sand particles that may cause some etching of their exposed surface over 

 extended periods of time. 



i. Effects of Burrowing Animals . 



(1) Bituminous Concrete . Bituminous concrete, being a petroleum- 

 base product, is an inhibitor to animals. It contains no food value and 

 therefore is unaffected by animals. 



(2) Preplaced Aggregate Concrete and Portland Cement Grout . 

 Preplaced aggregate concrete and Portland cement grout (as in Portland 

 cement concrete) are very hard materials and not disturbed by burrowing 

 animals . 



(3) Soil Cement . Soil cement used primarily to stabilize soil, is 

 not as hard a material as Portland cement concrete. It can be attacked by 

 burrowing animals but because of the shape and mass of these structural 

 elements (foundations), usually any damage is minor and insignificant. 



(4) Sulfur Cement Concrete and Grout . Sulfur cement concrete and 

 grout is also hard and resistant to activities of burrowing animals. The 

 sulfur content is also a deterrent. 



j . Effects of Flora . There are no reports of flora growth having any 

 effect on any of the five materials discussed in this section. 



k. Fire . 



(1) Bituminous Concrete. Bituminous concrete, because of its 

 petroleum-base content, is subject to serious damage by fire. However, 

 because the asphalt binder in this concrete contains very little solvent, 

 it does not normally sustain burning itself. 



(2) Preplaced Aggregate Concrete and Portland Cement Grout . 

 Preplaced aggregate concrete and Portland cement grout are resistant to 

 fire and extreme high temperatures. 



(3) Soil Cement. Soil cement is fire resistant. 



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