(4) Sulfur Cement Concrete and Grout . The inherent flammability 

 and the low melting point of sulfur (130 Celsius) results in the loss of 

 structural strength, causing the immediate deterioration of a structure. 



1 . Abrasion . 



(1) Bituminous Concrete . Bituminous concrete has a substantial 

 resistance to wearing away by rubbing and friction. Not being as hard a 

 material as Portland cement concrete or steel, it is not highly resistant 

 to severe impact by large particles; however, it has a high degree of 

 resistance to normal sand or wind abrasion. Precise limits for abrasion 

 resistance are not possible to determine and it is usually best to rely on 

 an analysis of specific environmental conditions to evaluate the physical 

 properties of the designed bituminous concrete to be used. 



(2) Preplaced Aggregate Concrete and Portland Cement Grout . Pre- 

 placed aggregate concrete and Portland cement grout are subject to abrading 

 or etching by wind or waterborne particles; however, the slow rate of the 

 abrasion process in the coastal zone is usually unnoticeable. Abrasion of 

 structures above the water surface may result in some minor dusting problem. 



(3) Soil Cement . Soil cement when used as an integral part of a 

 foundation, is not subject to abrasion. When used as a surface stabilizer 

 it will wear quite readily, if subjected to surface traffic, and result in 

 increased dusting. 



(4) Sulfur Cement Concrete and Grout . Sulfur cement concrete and 

 grout have a relatively high resistance to abrasion. It is believed that 

 admixtures can enhance these properties. Because of the short field exper- 

 ience of this relatively new material, research and testing is still under- 

 way to develop admixtures that can improve abrasion resistance properties 

 of this material. 



m. Seismic Effect . 



(1) Bituminous Concrete . Bituminous concrete, not being a struc- 

 turally rigid material, does not resist seismic forces or movement of the 

 earth. Instead, its properties of plasticity and the ability of asphalt to 

 flex allow it to move with a seismic event and thus reduce the possible 

 damage to structures. 



(2) Preplaced Aggregate Concrete and Portland Cement Grout . Pre- 

 placed aggregate concrete and Portland cement grout resistance to seismic 

 effects is primarily a design problem. Severe seismic forces can cause 

 structural failure by direct structural damage or by altering the foundation 

 condition, resulting in structure settlement and failure or deterioration. 



(3) Soil Cement . Soil cement in its use in coastal structures is 

 usually unaffected structurally by seismic activity, but it may shift with 

 earth movement resulting from seismic-induced stress. 



(4) Sulfur Cement Concrete and Grout . Sulfur cement concrete and 

 grout resistance to seismic effects is similar to that of Portland cement 



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