percent; burst, 3 720 kilopascals (540 pounds per square inch); puncture, 

 620 newtons (140 pounds); abraded strength, 440 newtons (100 pounds) (warp), 

 310 newtons (70 pounds) (fill). 



In 1969 the U.S. Army Engineer District, Memphis inspected three bridge 

 abutments protected by geotextile filters overlayed with 560-newton (125 

 pound) stone. In one abutment built in 1962, the fabric, similar to the 

 890-newton tensile strength fabric referred to above, had numerous holes 

 attributed to abrasion and could be easily torn by hand. The other two 

 abutments, built in 1964 using the stronger, 1 690-newton tensile strength 

 fabric, were in excellent condition and no evidence of loss of strength was 

 apparent (Fairley, et al., 1970). 



The following list identifies the first uses of geotextile filters in 

 coastal structures by U.S. government departments and agencies: 



1961 - U.S. Navy, U.S. Naval Station, Mayport, Florida. Beneath stone 



revetment . 



1962 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research 



Center, Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Beneath interlocking concrete 

 block revetment (Hall and Jachowski, 1964). 



1962 - U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Colonial 



National Historical Park, Yorktown, Virginia. Beneath stone 

 revetment and repair of damaged shoreline riprap. 



1963 - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Lake Winnibigoshish, 



Lnippewa National Forest, Minnesota, Erosion Control beneath 

 gabions (first filter application with gabions). 



1964 - U.S. Air Force, Capehard Marina, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida. 



Beneath stone breakwaters. 



By 1966 woven geotextile filters had been included in the following types 

 of coastal structures in North America: filters beneath stone and inter- 

 locking concrete block revetments, linings for the interior of vertical 

 seawalls (bulkheads) to permit the relief of water through weepholes and 

 the joints (tongue and groove, king pile and panel, T-pile and panel), 

 wrapping for collector pipes and "french drains," beneath stone jetties, 

 groins and breakwaters, security for the slopes of "sand core" jetties, 

 linings for the interior of steel cells, and scour protection around steel 

 cells and piers of drilling platforms down to a 46-meter (150 foot) depth 

 as in the North Sea (Barrett, 1966). 



Lake Texarkana, Texas, was the location of the first installation of a 

 nonwoven textile in a coastal structure in the United States. Construction 

 in 1976 consisted of a precast cellular block revetment lying directly on the 

 fabric. The geotextile filter was composed of 100 percent polyester con- 

 tinuous fiber, the filaments mechanically interlocked by needle punching. 

 The EOS equaled a No. 100 U.S. Standard Sieve, other properties were: 

 tensile strength, 1 330 newtons (300 pounds) ; elongation, 65 percent; 

 burst, 3 450 kilopascals (500 pounds per square inch); abraded strength, 

 730 newtons (165 pounds) . 



299 



