NOURISHMENT - The process of replenishing of beach. It may be brought about 

 naturally, by longshore transport, or artificially by the deposition of 

 dredged materials. 



NYLON FIBER - A manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is 

 any long chain synthetic polyamide having recurring amide groups (-NH-CO-) 

 as an integral part of the polymer chain. 



OFFSHORE - (1) In beach terminology, the comparatively flat zone of 

 variable width, extending from the breaker zone to the seaward edge 

 of the Continental Shelf. (2) A direction seaward from the shore. 



ONSHORE - A direction landward from the sea. 



ORGANISM - Any living individual whether plant or animal. 



OUTFALL - A structure extending into a body of water for the purpose of 

 discharging sewage, storm runoff, or cooling water. 



OVERTOPPING - Passing of water over the top of a structure as a result 

 of wave runup or surge action. 



PERCENT OPENING AREA (POA) - The visible net area of a fabric that is 

 available for water to pass through the fabric, normally determinable 

 only for woven and nonwoven fabrics having distinct visible and measur- 

 able openings that continue directly through the fabric. 



PERMEABLE GROIN - A groin with openings large enough to permit passage of 

 appreciable quantities of littoral drift. 



PIER - A structure, usually of open construction, extending out into the 

 water from the shore, to serve as a landing place, a recreational 

 facility, etc., rather than to afford coastal protection. In the Great 

 Lakes, a term sometimes improperly applied to jetties. 



PILE - A long, heavy timber or section of concrete or metal to be driven 

 or jetted into the earth or seabed to serve as a support or protection. 



PILE, SHEET - A pile with a generally slender flat cross section to be 

 driven into the ground or seabed and meshed or interlocked with like 

 members to form a diaphragm, wall, or bulkhead. 



PILING - A group of piles. 



PIPING - The process by which soil particles are washed in or through 

 pore spaces in drains and filters. 



PLASTIC FILTER - See Filter Fabric. 

 PLASTIC FILTER FABRIC - See Filter Fabric. 



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