(b) selectivity of effects, and (c) local environmental and biotic factors. An example of the 

 usefulness of release of substances normally considered harmful from dredging 

 disturbances, could be cited as the control of unwanted parts of coastal communities that 

 are more susceptible to the released substance than are the more desirable organisms. 



Ecological engineering should be a part of the thinking of all who are required to 

 modify the environment through engineering or other technological practices. Often it is 

 just as easy to improve the environment as it is to create a neutral situation or to injure the 

 environment. 



IV. RESEARCH NEEDS 



Though no reports of catastrophic results of offshore dredging or beach nourishment 

 activities have been uncovered in this study, understanding of the underlying processes of 

 the ecosystem is still far from complete. Thus, a great amount of research remains to be 

 done, and imaginative interpretation of accomplished research is needed. 



Many of the suggestions for research offered in this section have been brought together 

 here for convenience. They can be divided into specific short-term project studies and 

 more fundamental, long-range studies, though the difference is not always clear-cut. 

 1. Short-Term, Specific, Project-Oriented Research. 



Connected with specific engineering projects are certain research activities necessary to 

 provide base lines, guide details of engineering, direct attention to unique features, and 

 provide for practical protection or enhancement of the environment. Major among these 

 are the familiar before, during and after studies associated with operational monitoring. 

 With dredge and fill operations, studies of sediment effects and rates of fill of borrow areas 

 should be made. These types of studies are well recognized, and are more or less standard. 

 a. Before and After Studies. Before studies in some form are generally included in 

 environmental modification proposals. The new requirement for environmental impact 

 statements makes necessary some prior knowledge, the gathering of which constitutes a 

 before study. 



Biological or ecological before studies traditionally require a series of samples in the 

 area where effects are expected. Such studies are usually inexpensive, and point out 

 obvious environmental features and either environmental danger spots or stages in 

 operation where advantageous modifications could result, and provide some sort of a base 

 line for later comparisons and conclusions. 



Determination of what is present is not enough. The very important whys and hows are 

 also needed for prediction. Why are the species found in the area? Are they casual users or 

 premanent residents? Do they represent seasonal groups come to breed or key members of 

 the ecological food or energy web? How did they come to be there? Is the area a favorable 

 larval settling area, nursery ground for juveniles or other advantageious site for 

 concentration? 



All of these questions should be answered in greater or lesser detail. Also, all major 

 levels of the energy and food cycles— ecosystem cycles— need investigation, from primary 



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