TOPOGRAPHY OF PERNAMBUCO. 145 



and farther sovith Canguaretaina, Nova Cruz, and Pcnha in the Eio Curiuiatahu 

 valley. 



In the State of Parahyba do Norte the port of Mamanguapé, on the river of 

 like name, still does a little coasting trade, although the city of Farahi/ba has 

 attracted most of the traffic by the construction of a railvva}' penetrating to Inde- 

 pendencia on the Upper Mamanguape, and tapping the neighbouring serra with its 

 numerous agricultural settlements, such as Bananeinis, Brejo d'Areia, and Alagoa 

 Grande. In the southern part of the State, 8. Joao de Cariry, Campina Grande 

 Inga, and Pilur have their natural outlet in the estuary of the Rio Parahyba do 

 jSTorte, on the right bank of which stands the city of Parahyba. On the heights 

 is the Cidade Velha {" Old Town "), founded in 1579, now a group of almost aban- 

 doned monîjsteries ; lower down is the Varadouro ("Marina"), the business 

 quarter about 18 miles above the entrance of the estuary, where the shippino- is 

 arrested by the reefs and where the northern extremity of the peninsula is crowned 

 by the fortress of Cabedelo. 



Towns of Pernambuco and Alagoas. 



South of Parahyba, the ancient city of Goyana, already a flourishing place in 

 the time of the Dutch occupation, holds an analogous position on the bend of a 

 river, which towards its mouth expands into an estuary, but which is also half 

 closed by a barrier of reefs. 



Goyana lies in the State of Pernambuco, that is, Parana-mbuk, " Sea River," 

 so named in reference to the semi-circular channel which enclosed the island of 

 Itamaraca. This island is one of the most densely- peopled districts in Brazil, 

 and produces much sugar, abundance of provisions, and " the best fruits on the sea- 

 board." So early as 1630, as many as 2'6 sugar-works had been established 

 in Itamaraca, whither the Dutch at one time thought of removing the seat of 

 their Brazilian colony. 



Pernambuco, capital of the State, takes its official name of R<'ci/e from the 

 "reefs" which shelter its. harbour like natural breakwaters. It is one of the 

 historical cities of the New Worlds and a commercial emporium which seems des- 

 tined to a great future. Founded in 1503, by Duarte Coelho, it became the seat 

 of administration under the Dutch at the time when they were masters of north- 

 east Brazil. A few remains of their establishments are still visible at Recife and 

 in the island of Antonio Yaz at S. Antonio, formerly Ilaiiricea (JlaKr/tssfad), so 

 named in honour of Maurice of Nassau. 



Under the name of Pernambuco are comprised several distinct urban groups, 

 such as Oliuda, the former capital, on an eminence over four miles from the com- 

 mercial centre, a group of crumbling palaces and convents north of the roadstead. 

 On the mainland the country seats, gardens, and farmsteads of Campo Grande con- 

 nect the old and new quarters, while Recife, properly so called, covers the island 

 nearest to the outer reefs with its public buildings, depots, and warehouses, and is 

 itself connected by bridges with the more southerly and larger island of Antonio 

 Vaz. Other causeways connect this central quarter with that of Boa Vida, which 



