INHABITANTS OF EIO DE JANEIRO. 187 



initory resembling the lower deck of a galley. They dwelt together in peace ; 

 the friend of one was the friend of all, and whoever had anything to eat, however 

 little it might be, shared with all present. 



Marriage was strictly endogamous, that is, within the tribe, and the Tamoyos 

 lawfully married their nieces, daughters of their own brothers or sisters. Ac- 

 cording to Gandavo, some of the women, scorning the occupations of their sex, 

 dressed and decorated themselves like the men, carried the bow and arrows and 

 hunted in their company. Each of these viragoes was attended by another Indian 

 woman whom she called her helpmeet. 



Trials of endurance were held in high honour amongst the Tupinambas. The 

 chief, entering the cabins, gashed the young men on their legs with a very sharp 

 fish-bone, to teach them to suffer without complaint, and thus earn the name of 

 men and warriors. In battle the combatants hurled insults and curses at each 

 other, shouting from camp to camp : " May all evils befall you ; to-day I will 

 make a meal of you! " And in fact the victor consumed the flesh of the van- 

 quished. Such was the renown attached to the exploit that henceforth the Indian 

 warrior took a new name, and also bestowed one on his wife, selecting it from 

 some fish, fruit or flower. 



Isolated amid these Tupi peoples were the Watecas (Goytacazes), "Runners," 

 who were akin to the Botocudos, and who occupied the lower districts of the 

 Parahyba still from them called " Campos dos Guatacazes." These were the 

 wildest of all the coast Indians ; and such was the terror inspired by their name 

 that, in the popular imagination, they acquired gigantic proportions and super- 

 human strength. 



Near their camping-grounds, amid the lagoons, they heaped up the remains of 

 their vanquished foes, which formed islands amid the lagoons of their watery 

 domain. After over a century of fierce resistance to the Portuguese, they were 

 at last overcome in 1630, when those surviving the battlefield either escaped to 

 the backwoods on the Minas Geraes frontier, or else were removed to an agricul- 

 tural reservation. Those of the woodland cut their flowing locks and shaved the 

 crown of the head, whence the term Coroados (" Crowned ") applied to them by 

 the Portuguese in common with many other tribes adopting the same style of 

 headdress, 



Nearly all the aborigines having thus disappeared, their place has been taken 

 by Africans and by immigrants from almost every European land. In no other 

 part of Brazil are the people of a more cosmopolitan character. Some of the 

 inland settlers from Germany and Switzerland have even partly preserved the 

 national tj^pe ; while the great trade of the capital with Europe and North 

 America has given it almost a foreign aspect. 



Topography. 



In the Parah\ba valley all the centres of population depend almost for their 

 very existence on coffee, the staple product of Brazil. Such are Rezende, domi- 



