IIYDEOGRAPHY OF THE PARANA STATES. 



205 



Alono- the whole of the southern seaboard beyond Santos frequent modifica- 

 tions have evidently taken place in the contour line of the coastlands. On the 

 one hand, the sea has penetrated through creeks and inlets into the mainland ; 

 on the other the mainland has advanced seawards, developing mud banks, sandy 

 spits, and cordons along the beach. In the north the coast of S. Paulo has been 

 carved into rocky headlands and islands, plunging their steep escarpments into 

 deep water, or rising, like the large island of S. Sebastiao, 4,300 feet above the 



Fig. 85. — Cananea Channel. 

 Scale 1 : 700,000. 





West oP Greenwicln 



47'50' 



0to5 

 Fathoms. 



Depths. 



5 to 10 

 Fathoms. 



10 Fathoms 

 and upwards. 



12 Miles. 



surface ; but farther south is seen the opposite phenomenon of sandy formations 

 frino-ino- the shore. Some rocky islands have thus been joined to the mainland 

 by recent alluvial deposits filling up the intervening channels. Such are the 

 Santos and Santo Amaro hills, where the old marine straits are now represented 

 only by shallow backwaters. 



The vast Bav of Paranagua, which greatly resembles that of Pio de Janeiio, 

 is bordered, like' the Santos inlet, by marshy tracts standing little above sea-level. 

 Farther south the large island of S. Francisco at the Joinville estuary has pre- 

 served its insular character, being still separated from the mainland by an open 



