iv CONTENTS. 



PAGK 



Chap. II. Finland ^07 



Physical Aspect of the Land, p. 207. Glacial Action, p. 209. Lakes, Islands, p. 211. Climate, 

 Vegetation, Fauna, p. 215. Ethnology: Tavastians, Karelians, Swedes, 216. Topography, 

 p. 219. Material Progress, Natural Eesources, Industries, p. 221. Eailways, Telegraphs, 

 Government, 224. 



Chap. III. The Baltic Provinces (Esthonia, Livonia, Kurland) 227 



Physical Features, River Basins, p. 227. Ethnology : the Esthonians, p. 231. The Letts, p. 233. 

 Swedes, Slavs, Germans, p. 234. Topography, p. 236. 



Chap. IV. Poland (Polska) 241 



Historical Retrospect, 241. The Laud of the Vistula, Prehistoric Remains, p. 24-5. Ethnical 

 Elements, Polish Character, p. 247. The Polish Jews, German and Russian Influence, Land 

 Tenure, Material Progress, p. 248. Topography, p. 251. 



Chap. V. Upper Dvina and Niémen Basins (Lithuania, Grodno, Vitebsk) .... 256 

 Phvsical Features, p. 257. The Lithuanian Race and Language, p. 260. Tenure of Land, 

 p. 263. Topography, p. 264. 



Chap. VI. Dnieper and Dniester Basins (White, Little, and New Russia) .... 268 

 The " Black Lands," the Steppes, p. 269. Water Systems, p. 272. The Dnieper, p. 273. The 

 Dniester and Bug, the Limans, p. 277. The Upper Dnieper and the Pripet Basin (White Russia, 

 Polesya, Volhynia), p. 282. The White Russians, p. 283. Topography, p. 286. Middle and 

 Lower Dnieper, Bug, and Dniester (Ukrania, New Russia), p. 288. The Little Russians and 

 Cossacks, p. 289. Other Ethnical Elements in Ukrania, p. 297. Topography, p. 301. 



Chap. VII. Region of the Great Lakes (Ingria and Karelia, Novgorod and St. Petersburg) 319 

 Physical Features, Lakes Peipus and Ilmen, p. 319. Lakes Ladoga and Onega, p. 323. Climate, 

 p. 327. Population : Finns and Great Russians, p. 328. Topography, p. 330. 



Chap. VIII. Lands draining to the Arctic Ocean (Russian Lapland, Northern Urals, 



NovAYA Zemlya, Governments of Archangel and Vologda) 341 



Physical Aspect, the Tundra, p. 341. The Ural Mountains, p. 344. Water System, the 

 Dvina and Petchora, p. 316. The White Sea, p. 348. Inhabitants: Lapps, Samoyeds, 

 Ziryanians, and Pomori, p. 3Ô0. Topography, p. 354. Novaya Zemlya, p. 358. 



Chap. IX. Volga and Ural Basins (Great Russia) 363 



The Volga and its Tributaries, p. 364. The Volga Delta, p. 367. The Caspian Sea, p. 370. 

 The Lacustrine and Salt Steppes of the Caspian Basin, p. 373. The Southern Urals and River 

 Ural, p. 375. Ethnical Elements, the Great Russians, p. 379. Religious Sects, p. 385. Topo- 

 graphy : Towns in the Governments of Tver, Yaroslav, and Kostroma, p. 388. Towns in the 

 Governments of Orol, Kaluga, Tula, Moscow, Kazan, Vladimir, Tambov, and Nijni-Novgorod, 

 p. 390. Middle Volga and Kama Basins, p. 402. Inhabitants : Mordvinians, p. 402. The 

 Cheremissians and Chuvashes, p. 404. The Kazan Tatars, Votyaks, and Bashkirs, p. 406. 

 Topography, p. 409. Lower Volga Basin (Governments of Penza, Simbirsk, Samara, 

 Saratov, and Astrakhan), p. 414. The Kalmuks and Kirghiz, p. 414. Topography, p. 417. 

 The Northern Steppes— Ural Basin (.Government of Orenburg — Army of the Urals), 

 p. 420. 



Chap. X. Basin of the Don — Sea of Azov (Governments of Voronej and Kharkov, Terri- 

 tory OF THE Don Cossacks) . . . . . . . • . • . .422 



The Sea of Azov, p. 425. Inhabitants : the Don Cossacks, p. 431. Toj^ography, p. 434. 



Chap. XI. The Crimea . . . 441 



Geological Formation, p. 442. Flora, Fauna, Climate, p. 445. Inhabitants, p. 446. Topo- 

 graphy, p. 448. 



Chap. XII. Material and Social Condition of Russia 452 



Vital Statistics, p. 452. Industries, Agriculture, p. 458. The Mir, or Commune, p. 461. 

 Mining and Manufactures, p. 465. Trade and Shipping, p. 467. Canals, Eailways, p. 468. 

 Education, p. 471. Government and Administration, p. 472. The Church, Army and Navy, 

 Finance, p. 476. 



INDEX 489 



