88 



SCANDINAYIA. 



But the whole country, no less than the fiords and lakes, has preserved the 

 traces of former glacial action, which extends even far beyond the peninsula. 

 Finland, one-third of Eussia in Europe, all North Germany, Denmark, the Nether- 

 lands, the greater part of Scotland, the Fiiroer, and Iceland itself are comprised in ' 

 the vast region from 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 square miles in extent, whose surface 

 soil is largely due to the detritus of the Norwegian uplands. With the exception 



Fig. 44— Christiania and its Islands. 

 9cile 1 : 185,000. 



EofP j_8-iO' 



^8" 20 



EofGr 



Depth under 14 

 I'athoms. 



of the Skager Rak, which seems to have been a true fiord, all the narrow 

 Scandinavian seas formed the beds of ancient glaciers, whose traces may even still 

 be recognised in the submarine strice in some places, as at Karlskrona, to a depth 

 of 24 feet. Lower down thoy have been obliterated by the action of the water, 

 or filled in with sands. 



To the northern glaciers Esmark long ago referred the numerous erratic 

 boulders of southern lands, and the same view, formulated by M. Charles Martins 



