140 SCANDINAVIA. 



temple where human sacrifices were offered, and near it three mounds or hillocks, 

 the traditional graves of Odin, Thor, and Freya, A lower eminence, named the 

 Tingshog, served as a tribunal whence the kings addressed the multitude. 



On the crest and slopes of the modern town stand three of the most note- 

 worthy buildings in Sweden — the castle, the University, and the cathedral. The 

 church is, next to that of Trondhjem, the first specimen of the pointed style in 

 Scandinavia, and notwithstanding its five conflagrations the nave still remains 

 intact. From a distance its two towers, surmounted by tiara-shaped cupolas, 

 present a strange effect, little harmonizing with the architecture of the building. 

 But on a nearer view the simple façade, supported by its four massive abutments 

 and almost destitute of ornaments, produces an imposing effect by the noble 

 severity of its lines. It jjrobably still stands as designed in 1287 by the French 

 architect Stephen of Bonneuil. In the interior repose the remains of Gustavus 

 Yasa, Oxenstjerna, and Linnteus, and in the sacristy is shown the idol of Thor. 



The castle, a vast red-brick pile flanked by round towers, stands on the top 

 of a mound overlooking the whole city, and was here erected by Gustavus Yasa 

 to keep the archiépiscopal palace under the fire of his guns. Close by was 

 held the famous synod which transferred all the property of the churches and 

 monasteries to the State, and interdicted Catholic worship in order that " the 

 Swedes, having become one man," might have " but one God." 



Most of the buildings seen from the castle are connected with the University, 

 and in the absence of the "thirteen nations," or provincial groups of students, 

 Upsala seems a city of the dead. The famous school, which kept its four 

 hundredth anniversary in 1877, owes its name of Carolina to Charles IX., and the 

 addition of RecUviva to Bernadotte, who raised the modern University block. 

 This is soon to be replaced, having become inadequate for its accumulated 

 collections, including the most valuable library in Sweden, with about 200,000 

 volumes and 8,000 manuscripts. Among the latter is the oldest monument of 

 the Teutonic languages, the memorable Codex Argentcus, containing Ulfilas's Mœso- 

 Gothic translation of the Gospels. 



Behind the castle, and east of the city, stretches the Botanic Garden, where, 

 in spite of the climate and northern blasts, is preserved in the oj)en air and in 

 conservatories a collection worthy of the Upsala professor who discovered all 

 the mysteries of vegetable life. Here is the very myrtle planted by Linnœus 

 himself. The grounds at the foot of the castle are kept up as originally laid out 

 by him, and his marble statue by Bytrom, representing him seated in a thoughtful 

 attitude, occupies the space beneath the dome of the botanical amphitheatre. 

 His country seat of Hammarby, also a hallowed spot for botanists, lies to the 

 south-east, near the Mora-Stenor, or " Mora Stones," in the royal grounds where 

 the old kings were elected. His birthplace^ near Wexio in Scania, is marked by 

 an obelisk overlooking the railway between Stockholm and Malmo. Celsius, his 

 friend and colleague, was born and died in Upsala. 



Here are a few industrial establishments, and baths are now supplied from the 

 "holy well," whose never-failing waters traditionally flow from the spot where 



