SWEDISH AEMT AND NAVY— FINANCE. 165 



certain cases for the means wherewitli to continue tlieir studies. The University 

 jurisdiction extends for students 36 miles round Upsala. 



In the history of education the two Universities present the same contrast as did 

 formerly the schools of Paris and Montpellier. The traditions of Upsala are 

 spiritualistic ; those of her younger sister of Lund, founded two centuries later, 

 positivist. Several ladies are already enrolled as members of Upsala, and in a few 

 years women will be able to follow the courses in both. 



In 1878 an independent University was opened at Stockholm. 



The Swedish Army and ]N"avy. — Finance. 



The military service is still mostly organized as in the time of Charles IX. 

 The chief element in the army consists of men enlisted for three, six, or twelve 

 years ; another part, the so-called indelta, being furnished by the owners of certain 

 liefs (foi'p), who are bound to supply either a foot-soldier or a trooper at all times, 

 or only in case of war, providing him with an outfit, and finding him employment 

 when not under arms. A few organized battalions are also raised by conscription. 

 In the island of Gotland a special force of about 8,000 men is regarded as formino- 

 part of the active army, although not bound to serve out of the island. Thanks to 

 the long peace, the small number of troops, and their peaceful manner of life, the 

 Swedish population is not exhausted, like that of so many European countries. 

 While the average standard of height has elsewhere had to be lowered, here it is 

 proposed to raise it, and at present it is fixed at 5 feet for the regulars, and 

 5 feet 1 inch for the indelta. 



All citizens are also virtually bound to serve in the militia from twenty to 

 twenty-five years of age without the option of purchasing exemption or supplying 

 a substitute. The regular forces (stipendiary and indelta) are estimated at 38,000 ; 

 the local militia, including that of Gotland, at 20,000 ; the reserve (bcrdring), 126,000. 



The principal Swedish forts are Waxholm and Oscar Frederiksborg, defending 

 the Stockholm channels ; Kungsholmen, Drottningskiir, and the other works about 

 Karlskrona ; Karlsborg, on the west side of Lake Wetter, at the entrance of the 

 Gota Canal, the last-named being the central military depot of the kingdom. The 

 military school is at the castle of Karlberg, just beyond Stockholm, where are also 

 situated the engineering, artillery, and staff schools. 



The chief naval station is that of Karlskrona, although Stockholm also has 

 its arsenal, dockj^ards, and floating battery at the island of Skeppsholm, east of 

 the central quarters. The fleet is recruited in the same way as the army, being 

 supplied with men enrolled for a fixed period, besides volunteers and the indelta 

 service, with the hatsmlui furnished by the landed proprietors of the seaboard. 

 About 400 midshipmen, admitted between the ages of fourteen and sixteen, are 

 grouped in two companies, and distributed amongst the vessels stationed at Karls- 

 krona. Moreover, all the captains, lieutenants, engineers, and crews of the mer- 

 cantile marine, between the ages of twenty and thirty-five, are liable to serve in 

 time of war. This available effective amounts to 1,000 oflScers and 6,000 sailors. 



