210 



EUSSIA IN EUROPE. 



under the vegetable humus immense quantities of detritus are found, offering 

 inexhaustible quarries to the inhabitants. They have been conveyed from one 

 side of the Gulf of Finland to the other, as shown by the fragments strewn over 

 the intervening islands. A mass weighing about 100 tons was noticed by Von Baer 

 in the islet of Laven-saari, and a still larger block by Prince Krapotkin on the 

 west side of Suur Tyttcrs. Stones of all sizes are yearly stranded on the islands 



Fig. 102. — The Pvnga-haeju. 

 According to Krapotkin. Scale 1 : 60,000. 



1 Mile. 



of the gulf and on the coast of Esthonia, while smaller detritus arrives in such 

 quantities as to palpably modify the outlines of the coast and creeks in a few years. 

 The traces of glacier action are still plainly visible even in the general aspect 

 of the land. There are few geological areas better marked by the parallelism of 

 the valleys debouching on either side of the Gulf of Bothnia. All the Scan- 

 dinavian rivers run north-west and south-east ; all those of Finland south-east 

 and north-west. They move in opposite directions, but on closely corresponding 

 lines along the axis of all the elongated lakes in the granitic valleys of Finland. 



