252 EUSSIA IN EUEOPE. 



In the Warta basin, but not on tbe river, are also Turek, Ozorlior, Lecztjco, and 

 otlaer industrial places, amongst whicli is Xo^/s, in 1821 a hamlet of 800 inhabitants, 

 now the second largest and most manufacturing city in Poland. It consists of a 

 single street some 6 miles long, lined on either side by artisans' dwellings and 

 hundreds of cotton-spinning, cloth-weaving, dyeing, and other industrial establish- 

 ments, mostly in the hands of Germans. Here are produced seven-eighths 

 of all the cotton goods manufactured in Poland, valued (1873) at about 

 £1,755,000. 



In the basin of the Pilica, which flows to the Vistula above Warsaw, are Przed- 

 borz, an agricultural centre; Piofrliow, capital of a province; and Toniaszow, with 

 some woollen factories. Farther south is Badom, capital of the province of like 

 name, an old place, where an active trade is still carried on between the plains and 

 the uplands. On the southern slopes of the Lysa Gora are several industrial towns, 

 including Kielcc, capital of the government, with iron works and sugar refineries ; 

 Checiny, near which are some marble quarries; Chmielnik ; Phiczow, with pyrites 

 mines ; Wis/ica, formerly a royal residence, and associated with the " Statute of 

 Wislica," framed by Casimir the Great in 1347 ; J^^owe Miasio, with rich sulphur 

 beds ; Ralww, now a mere village, but in the seventeenth century the intellectual 

 centre of the Socinians, and destroyed by order of the Senate in 1638 ; lastly, 

 8andoniierz, on the Vistula, capital of the kingdom during the thirteenth century, 

 with an old castle and a Byzantine church dating from that epoch. Its chief 

 importance now consists in its timber and shipping business. 



East of the Vistula, and in the valley of the Bug, lies the town of Lublin, capital 

 of the government of like name, till the rise of Lodz the second city in Poland, and 

 for grandeur of appearance still second only to Warsaw. In the Jagello period it 

 was said to have 40,000 inhabitants, but, repeatedly sacked by the Tatars and 

 Cossacks, it was often reduced to a mere village. Beyond the present town shape- 

 less ruins still cover a large area, and some picturesque fragments of the old walls 

 are still standing. Here was held the stormy Diet of 1568 and 1569, in which the 

 incorporation of Lithuania was decreed. Asa fortress Lublin has been superseded 

 by Zamosz, founded in the sixteenth century by Count Zamo3^ski on a swampy 

 upland near the Austrian boundary. Like its neighbours Bllgoraj and Hruhieszow, 

 it trades chiefly with Volhynia and Galicia. Bilgoraj does a special business in 

 sieves to the amount of abovit 1,000,000 yearly. 



On a tributary of the Bug and east of Lublin, in the Little Russian territory, 

 stands Kliolm (in Polish, Chelm), one of the oldest Russian cities, with a castle 

 which the Tatars never succeeded in taking. Since 1839 it has been the episcopal 

 town of the Uniates ; that is, of the Orthodox Greeks united with Piome, of whom 

 very few now remain in Poland. 



Throughout its middle course the Vistula flows between the governments of 

 Lublin and Padom before trending north-west, passing by the magnificent castle 

 and grounds of Pulawy, the present Nowo Alexandvya. All its books, manuscripts, 

 and art treasures have been removed to St. Petersbvirg, and the palace has become 

 a college for girls of noble rank. Farther down, at the confluence of the Vistula 



