292 



EUSSIA IN EUEOPE. 



In the ninth century the people of the Lower Dnieper and Dniester were 

 TJluehi (Uglichi) and Tivertzi Slavs ; but they were driven north by the 

 Hungarians, Pecheneghes, and Kumanians advancing westwards ; and in the 

 twelfth century the Eos, possibly the " River of the Eussians," formed the frontier 

 between the Kiev Russians and the southern nomads. Several Tùrki colonies, the 

 Torki, Berendeyi, Kara-Kalpaks, or " Black-Caps," had settled south of this river. 



Fig. 147. — KUKGANS AT PoDGOllODSKOYE, NEAK YeKATERINOSLAV, 



Scale 1 : 200,000. 



WeUs. 



Farmsteads. 



2 Milea. 



'.. Kurgans. 



and Tatar tribes afterwards occupied a large portion of Kiyovia (Kiev), all doubt- 

 less since assimilated to the surrounding Slav elements. 



The Malo-Russians of the Dnieper, now mostly peaceful agriculturists, were 

 formerly exposed to constant wars and invasions. After the seizure of the Crimea 

 by the Tatars in 1475, the Dnieper valley became the hunting ground of these 

 nomads, whose female captures found a ready market in the Constantinople harems 



