ARCHANGEL. 



857 



chief centre of trade on tlie Lower Dvina was KIwhnogori, the lîolmgârd of the 

 Norse seafarers, whence tlie eastern wares imported by the Volga Biarmians were 

 forwarded westwards in the tenth and eleventh centuries. Its importance v/as 

 also enhanced by its salt trade, the monopoly of which was granted to it by the 



Fig. 188. — Akchangel and the Dvina Delta. 

 Scale 1 : 750,000. 



L»f.R 



Muscovite princes. But the foundation of its neighbour, Archangel, ruined this 

 ancient mart, which has now become one of the poorest places in North Hussia. 



Archangel — that is, the " City of St. Michael the Archangel " — covers about 

 2 miles along the right bank of the Dvina at the head of its delta. It consists 

 mostly of small wooden tenements, relieved by a few fine stone houses and the 

 ruined walls of an old " German castle," forming part of the fortress. In the 

 twelfth century its present site was occupied l)y a monastery, but it remained an 



