BG2 



RUSSIA IN EUlîOl'E. 



or rusty linos of tlieir mossy vef^(^f.iition. Tlio ])laiii8 produce a few flowering' 

 plants, niul iicconling to Iliiugliu tlio flora ('oinpriscs altog-otlior 150 phaiu-ro- 

 f^aiTious and nearly an ecpial number of crypto^aiiious species. There arci also 

 sonic liiicts of dwai'l' l)lrcli, cider, and fir trees; but tlio -most conmion tree is a 

 Npocies of willow (Nr///.r po/((n'.s), rising- a little more than half an inch above the 

 surrounding- lichens. The giant of these arctic forests is a willow {St//i.r //nidfti), 

 some sp(H;inicns of which grow to a, luught of (> iiu-hes. Th(^ growth of these 

 i)laiils is i-ath(>i- in tlicii- roots than Ihcir steins, so that thcs Novaya /cnilyaii, like 

 the North Ur.d lon^sts, might b(! deserilicd as subterranean. 



Th(> fauna, is ricluu' than that of tSpitzberg(>n, besides various species of 

 ccla(-ca, including the bear, wolf, two species of fox, reindeer, hai-e, mouse, and 

 canipMgnol. liciiglin raised the number on tluî lisl, of bii-ds fi-om twenty-eig-ht 

 to fortv-tlve, but mosipiitoes, the ])laguc of the IJussian and Siberian lundras, are 

 rare both here and in Waigatcli Island. 



The southern jxirtion of Novaya Zemlya was formerly inhabited by the 

 Sainovcds, who have long eitlu>r disappeared or withdrawn to the mainland. Now 

 the place is occupied only by a s])rinkling- of hhiropeiuis settled at the permanent 

 harbour of refuj^e established in 1877 at INIaliye Karmakuli, on INIoller Bay, and 

 at a, few ilshing and hnntin<^ stations. Although included in the llnssian 

 dominions, th(> group may he. traversed in all directions without meeting- any 

 inilicaiion of the ('zar's supremacy. 



