396 EUSSIA IN EUROPE. 



the control of the St. Petersburg bureaucracy.* Near the University is the 

 Museum, with collections of old and modern paintings and statuary, a library with 

 unique Chinese and Manchu documents, and Dashkov's celebrated ethnographic 

 gallery, in which figures in costume represent all the races of the empire. There 

 are also several other less important museums, and private picture galleiies 

 containing the works of native artists. Amongst the numerous high-class special 

 schools is the Lazarev Institute, where 200 students are taught the Oriental 

 languages. 



Moscow is a great centre of the book trade, and here are issued millions of 

 works and prints, which are hawked all over the country, or bartered for the local 

 j^roduce of the provinces.! The real capital of Great Russia, it is also that of the 

 " Old Believers," both Popovtzi and Bezpopovtzi, whose head-quarters are the 

 E-ogojsko'ie and Preobrajenskoïe cemeteries, with their dependent establishments. 

 The Popovtzi, in other respects free enough, have hitherto failed to obtain 

 permission to found a speciul gymnasium, while the Bezpopovtzi chapels, which 

 had rapidly increased since the beginning of the century, have all been closed 

 since 1853. Moscow is the birthplace of Lermontov, Herzen, and Pushkin, to the 

 last of whom a statue is now being erected. 



Moscow is also an industrial capital, which even in the middle of the 

 century possessed 650 factories, employing 40,000 hands, and producing about 

 £4,000,000 worth of goods yearly. The chief branches are cotton- sjjinning, 

 dyeing, woollen and silk weaving, tanning, distilling. Nearly all the factories 

 are in the suburbs or outlying villages, where their smoking chimne3's contrast 

 forcibly with the verdure of the surrounding parks. The Sokolniki, or " Falconers," 

 is the finest of these parks. It lies north-east of the city, and is a remnant of the 

 old forests. Another much frequented during the fine season stretches north- 

 west, with its avenues surrounding the gardens and colonnades of the Petrovskiy 

 Palace. 



North-east of Moscow lies the famous Tro'itza convent, in a grassy and wooded 

 district crossed by the Yaroslav railway. With its towers and turrets surrounded 

 by high walls, it presents the appearance of a mediœval fortress, and was strong 

 enough to stand a siege of sixteen months against the Poles in 1609 and 1610. It 

 forms a veritable city of churches, chapels, shrines, buildings, and outhouses of all 

 sorts. The chapel of its patron, St. Sergius, is especially resplendent in lavish 

 wealth, and its hivra, though second in dignity to that of Kiev, is visited by quite 

 as many yearly pilgrims. Before the emancipation it owned no less than 120,000 

 serfs, and in 1872 had a probable revenue of £185,000. Within its precincts is 

 the Ecclesiastical Academy of Moscow. The town of Sei-gius (S(rgi//ci\shi// Posad), 

 which has grown up round about the walls of Troitza, is, next to the capital, the 

 largest of all the towns in the Moscow government. Amongst these places is 

 Voskresensk, lying to the north-west, and which also had its origin in a 



* Professors, Moscow University, 10(5; students, l,ôG8; budget (1879), 191, 383 roubles; library, 

 155,000 volumes. 



t Publications (1877) :— St. Petersburg, G. 925,853 volumes, 600,107 .syllabaries, &c., 2f 9/233 piints, 

 Moscow, 8,340,085 volumes, 2,056,280 syllabaries, kc, and 2,495,800 prints. 



