KAZAN TATAES. 



407 



Bulgarliks. Diff'ering from the Astrakhan, Crimean, and Lithuanian Tatars, who 

 belong to other branches of the Turki stock, they are generally of middle stature, 

 with broad shoulders, vigorous frames, fine oval features, straight nose, black and 

 piercing eyes, cheek bones slightly prominent, scant beard, short thick neck. The 

 women are conforming more and more to Russian usages, those of the poorer classes 

 moving about freely with half-unveiled features, others occasionally visiting the 

 theatre and assisting at the public festivities. Polygamy is diminishing, but 

 marriage still remains a pure contract, in which the engaged couple take no part. 

 In other respects the women are better treated than their Russian sisters, and are 

 never obliged to perform field operations. In Kazan many Tatars carry on 

 important manufactures; others are artisans, waiters, and especially traders and 



Fig. 212. — Ethnological Chakt of the Middle Volga and Kama. 

 Scale 1 : 7,000,000. 



«ireat Kussians. Cheremiss.a^s. Chuv 



E3 rm mm e3 



Votyaks. 'IVtars. Biislikirs. White Russians. 

 —^ luo Miles. 



carriers. The export trade in such articles as salt, leather, corn, preserved meats, 

 is monopolized by them, and as dragomans they are the natural agents between the 

 Russian merchants and Mohammedan buyers from Bokhara, Khiva, and Persia. 



The population of the Kama basin is no less diversified than that of the Middle 

 Volga. In the government of Viatka alone there are about ten different nationali- 

 ties, exclusive of the Jews, Gipsies, and Polish and German colonists. The 

 Great Russian element doubtless prevails over all the others, but this is partly 

 due to the number of natives who have become Russified with the progress of 

 civilization. 



The Ziryaniansof the Upper Petchora and Yichegda basins are also represented 

 by numerous groups on the Upper Kama and its tributaries. But here the 

 Permians of kindred stock form the bulk of the indigenous population. Both speak 



