BOLGAR. 



411 



history of the Russian sects. Kazau is also an important trading place, standing 

 at the intersection of the great routes from Siberia, the Caspian, and the Baltic. 

 About half the population is occupied with trade and manufactures, the chief 

 industries being Russian leather, lineny, tallow, candles, tanning, distilling, with 

 about a hundred factories, employing (1875) 3,700 hands, and producing goods to 

 the value of £2,500,000. 



Of Bohjar, the old capital of the Volga Bulgarians, nothing remains except a 

 small village and the ruins caused by Tamerlane in 1391, covering a considerable 



Fig. 213.— Kazan : The Kueml. 



space to the south. Amongst them are the remains of the walls and moat, of the 

 citadel, minarets, palaces, all in the Arab style, and dating chiefly from the twelfth 

 and thirteenth centuries. Here the peasantry often pick up pottery, coins, and 

 jewellery, and a few mendicant pilgrims may occasionally be met wandering 

 amidst the heaps of rubbish, or prostrate at the tombs of their saints. 



