TOPOGEAPHY OF SUMATEA 



107 



thousand lives, and double that number to the natives, the inland districts still 

 remain unreduced, and will probably maintain their independence until the country 

 is opened up by good highways ramifying in all directions. 



The capital of Atjeh, formerly known as the Kota-Raja, or " Royal City," and 

 now called Groot Atjeh, is built in the form of a regular quadrilateral, three 

 miles from the coast, at the entrance of an extremely fertile valley watered by the 

 river Atjeh. Southwards rise two isolated bluffs, the "father and mother of the 

 river," as the natives call them. ]N^umerous villages are scattered round the 



Fig. 39. — Kota-Raja and Oleh-Leh. 

 Scale 1 : 120,000. 



Depths. 



tol6 

 Feet. 



Ifi to 32 

 Feet. 



32 to 80 

 Feet. 



iO Feet and 

 upwards. 



y<'-^~^;> Riceflelds. 



enclosures, and the entrenched camp is defended by a ring of forts connected 

 together by railways. Another line, the first constructed in Sumatra, also 

 connects the city with its marine quarter, OJeh-leh, standing on a narrow beach 

 between the sea and a sluggish backwater communicating eastwards with the Atjeh. 

 Before the war, Kota-Raja is said to have had a population of thirty-five 

 thousand ; in 1882 it had already recovered much of its importance, and in 1886 

 contained nine thousand four hundred natives, besides two thousand five hundred 



