150 



AUSTEALASIA. 



north-vrestwards towards Sumatra, by a level marine plateau covered by less than 

 50 fathoms of water. Above this flooded plain rise a few low insular groups, 

 such as the " Thousand Isles," north-west of Batavia, and the twenty-six islets of 

 Karimon-Java, north of Semarang Bay. Bawean, with its fringing reef and cone 

 2,000 feet high, is distinguished by its igneous origin from all the other 

 islands in these waters. Farther east the Solombo group, about midway between 

 Madura and Borneo, is very low, nowhere presenting any eminence, except on 

 Great Solombo. 



Madura itself may be regarded as a simple dependence of Java, forming its 

 north-eastern extension. On their north side both mainly consist of low-lying 

 plains continued under the water by reefs and sandbanks. The south coast, on 

 the contrary, is steep and rocky, plunging abruptly into the oceanic depths. Both 



rig. 57. — Chief Volcanoes in Java. 

 Scale 1 : 10,000,000. 



8° E^ 









Heigh* s. 



to 2,000 

 Feet. 



2,000 to 5,000 

 Feet. 



5,000 to 8,000 

 Feet. 



8,000 to 11,000 

 Feet and upwards. 



180 Miles. 



seaboards are indented by baj^s and inlets penetrating some considerable distance 

 inland, although as a whole the island presents the almost geometrical aspect of a 

 long quadrilateral, nearly parallel with the equator. West and east it extends 

 from the Java-hoofd (Java head) in a straight line for 620 miles to Java's Oost- 

 hoek (Java's East Point). But north and south the distance varies greatly, 

 narrowing towards the centre to about half of its normal breadth. Excluding 

 Madura and the smaller indentations, the coast-line has a total length of 2,100 

 miles. 



Volcanoes of Java. 



The western has a much greater mean elevation than the eastern section of the 

 island, forming a plateau from 2,000 to 3,000 feet high. Here also the mountains 

 are connected by lofty ridges or saddles, the former intervening valleys having 



