TRADE OF JAVA. 



181 



with Buitenzorg, was opened in 1872, and since then the network of lines, as 

 originally planned and suggested by the configuration of the island, has been slowly 

 developed. When completed, the system must obviously comprise two coast lines 

 running from one end to the other, and connected at intervals by transverse lines 

 through the valleys separating the volcanic ranges. But this system is far from 

 complete, although the three great ports of Batavia, Semarang, and Surabaya are 

 already connected with the rich inland districts. More than half of the railways, 

 as well as all the telegraph lines, belong to the State. The latter are connected 

 with the Indo-European system through Singapore, and with that of Australasia 

 through Timor. 



The steam navigation companies, whose craft ply regularly between Europe 

 and Batavia, as well as from port to port round the coast of Java and through - 



rig. 72.— Railways in .Java. 

 Scale 1 : 11.000,000. 



Depths. 



to 100 

 Fathoms. 



100 to 1,000 

 Fathoms. 



1,000 to 2,000 

 Fathoms. 



2,000 Fathoms 

 and upwards. 



Eaihvays. 



steam Tramways. 



180 Miles. 



out Indonesia, already own over sixty steamers, with a collective capacity of 

 nearly 100,000 tons. The largest share of the Javanese trade is still carried 

 on with Holland, although the law of 1874 abolished all differential dues on 

 foreign vessels touching at the insular ports. The entry and clearing charges were 

 also, at the same time, greatly reduced on a large number of commodities. All the 

 Government exports are shipped for Holland by the privileged Handel- Maatschappij 

 ("Dutch Trading Company"), founded in 1824, and in the imagination of the 

 people confounded with the State itself. The original Dutch East India Company, 

 after realising millions by its long monopoly of the trade with Indonesia, became 

 bankrupt at the end of the last century with a debt of £10,000,000. 



Since the declaration of free trade in 1874, the movement of the exchanges 

 with Great Britain has acquired considerable importance. England takes especially 



