TOPOGEAPHY OF JAVA. 193 



remains of Hindu structures, while the spurs and terraces of these highlands are 

 also crowned with the ruins of ancient temples, now, for the most part, enclosed 

 within the grounds of the residences belonging to the large landowners. 



The village facing Surabaya on the opposite side of Madura Strait is the 

 terminus of the steam ferry plying between Madura and the mainland. Bangkalan, 

 the chief trading place in the smaller island, lies farther north on an open bay 

 facing the high sea. This seaport is a much larger and richer town than Pame- 

 kasan, the official capital of Madura, which lies on a plain a few miles from Madura 

 Bay. The chief industry along this coast is the preparation of salt for the Indo- 

 nesian government. The Madurese cattle belong to an excellent breed highly 

 valued throughout the Eastern Archipelago. 



The island of Bawean, lying farther north and depending administratively on 

 Surabaya, appears from the local dialect to be inhabited by people of Madurese 

 stock. It has a brisk coasting trade, and yearl}^ sends thousands of peasants and 

 artisans to find employment in Java. 



South of Madura Bay, Pasuruan is the first large Javanese town traversed by 

 the railway beyond the old Mojo-Pahit gulf, which is now choked with alluvia. 

 In this ancient Hindu settlement the customs of Indian origin are better preserved 

 than in any other part of the island. The natives of the surrounding district still 

 bring their offerings of foliage and flowers to the sources of the running waters, 

 and worship the remains of sculptures in the ancient temples of Siva. Tosari, the 

 chief health resort in east Java, stands 5,850 feet above sea-level on a spur of 

 Mount Tengger, whence a superb view is commanded of the surrounding waters, 

 plains and highlands. 



East of Pasuruan, along Madura Bay, follow two other provincial capitals, 

 Proholingo {Banger) and Besuki, both of whose roadsteads are very unsafe during 

 the prevalence of the ghendeng, or stormy south wind, in the months of January and 

 February. Still farther east, on the shore of a small inlet, lies Panarukan, which 

 was formerly a great city and a chief centre of trade in the Eastern Archij^elago. 

 Here the Portuguese, under Alfonso d'Albuquerque, established their first factory in 

 Java. Beyond Panarukan the main highway, sweeping round Mount Euan, 

 reaches the town of Banjuicangi, or "Perfumed Waters," which stands on the 

 strait separating Java from Bali. As a commercial mart this place has replaced 

 Blambangan, which lies farther south on an estuary now choked with sands. 

 Banjuwangi is the western terminus of the submarine cable connecting Indonesia 

 with Port Darwin on the Australian mainland. The surrounding district, cut 

 off from the rest of the island by trackless mountains, is the least densely 

 peopled part of Java. 



Administration. 



The central authority enjoys almost absolute power in Java and the other 

 islands, or " outer " possessions of Holland in Indonesia. The governor-general, 

 representing the crown, is himself a sovereign, who has at his free disposal the 

 13—0 



