ADMINISTRATION OF JAVA. 195 



for the natives the fiction is still maintained of a certain local rule by the 

 descendants of their ancient princes. The various provinces are divided into 

 regencies, whose "regents" or titular chiefs are members of the former dynasties. 

 Although nominated by the crown, these adhipatti and tumenggnng, that is, regents of 

 the first and second class, have always the prestige commanded by wealth, for they 

 enjoy stipends ranging from £800 to over £7,000, besides a share in the produce 

 of the land. But at their side are the Dutch residents and assistants — prefects 

 and sub-prefects — who, although keeping more in the background, represent the 

 real authority. Even in the secondary divisions the vedono, or native ofiicials, 

 are held in check by European controllers, these Dutch functionaries numbering 

 altogether about three hundred. They are even gradually replacing the Javanese 

 ofiicials, who will doubtless sooner or later disappear altogether. 



In the two Vorsfenlanden (" principalities ") of Surakarta and Jokjokarta, the 

 old régime is still kept up with its primitive outward formalities. Surakarta 

 officially obeys a Susn/uo/coi ("emperor"), while Jokjokarta is ruled by a 

 sultan ; but both alike are controlled by a Dutch resident, without whose sanction 

 they cannot even leave their palaces for a stroll in the neighbourhood. The 

 monopolies formerly enjoyed by them have for the most part been bought up by 

 the Dutch Government. 



A supreme court of justice for the whole of the Dutch possessions has its seat 

 in Batavia. Java itself is divided into three legal circuits, corresponding to the 

 natural divisions of the land, and under these courts, located in Batavia, Semarang 

 and Surabaya, secondary tribunals are established in the provinces, regencies and 

 districts. Each resident, assistant, and controller is at the same time a magistrate 

 who pronounces sentences in conformity with precedent and after formal consulta- 

 tion with the Mohammedan assessors learned in the Moslem law and the local 

 usages. The communal mayors also enjoy a certain discretional power for 

 repressing crime and awarding penalties, and the same privilege, though to a less 

 extent, is possessed by the heads of the Chinese communities, the mayors, captains, 

 and lieutenants, as they are called, being charged with the maintenance of order 

 amongst their fellow countrymen. 



Capital punishment, though not yet removed from the colonial penal code, is 

 rarely enforced. The native convicts are for the most part employed on public 

 works, in the arsenals and dockyards, on the road and canals. Except in the large 

 towns, there are no local police, the communes being directly responsible for the 

 preservation of peace in their several jurisdictions. 



The " colonial " revenue, two-thirds of which is applied to local purposes, is 

 partly derived from the sale of the coffee raised by forced labour, the other chief 

 sources of income being the sale of land and the opium and salt monopolies. 

 About a third of the budget is applied to defensive purposes, and another third to 

 the administration properly so called. The actual revenue is much larger than 

 would appear from the official returns. Including the statute labour and estimat- 

 ing this burden at the lowest rate, it amounts, according to Brooshooft, to not less 

 than £10,000,000. 



